Determination Of Heavy Metal Concentrations In Fish And Water
Abstract
The presence of heavy essence in food remains an issue of public health concern. The study was thus designed to determine the heavy essence attention in water and fish( Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis). The study made use of Agodi lake in Ibadan. A laboratory grounded study was espoused. The parameters included, pH, dissolved oxygen( DO), lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc and bobby . Descriptive statistics, t- test and ANOVA were used for the data analysis. The mean pH and DO situations in water were7.20 ±0.31 and4.39 ±2.08 mg/ L independently. The mean attention( mg/ L) of heavy essence in water were0.01 ±0.01( cadmium);0.01 ±0.01( chromium);0.02 ±0.01( bobby );0.04 ±0.01( zinc);0.06 ±0.04( lead). The heavy essence with the loftiest attention set up in both fish species was Zinc and the bone with the least attention was Cadmium. The mean attention( mg/ kg) of heavy essence in cat fish were,0.73 ±0.25( cadmium);4.8 ±0.34( chromium);7.51 ±1.8( lead);17.62 ±0.27( bobby );119.22 ±0.51( zinc) while those of tilapia fish were,0.48 ±0.22( cadmium);3.57 ±1.13( chromium);7.91 ±1.69( lead);17.37 ±0.34( bobby );176.82 ±0.27( zinc). All heavy essence assessed in fish were above WHO and public guideline limits. The release of heavy essence into Agodi lake has increased the threat of its use as source of water for mortal conditioning and the consumption of resident fin- fishes. The need for relinquishment and enforcement of applicable monitoring and operation strategies for the protection of the lake is thus important.
Chapter One
Preface
Background To The Study
Metallic rudiments are environmentally ubiquitous, readily dissolved in and transported by water, and readily taken up by submarine organisms( Alam etal., 2002). Heavy or poisonous essence are trace essence that are at least five times thick than water. They generally don’t break down further into lower dangerous element; and accumulate where they’re released( Kennicutt etal., 1992). As similar, they’re stable( can not be metabolized by the body) and memoir- cumulative. They’re occasionally passed up the food chain to humans( Fergosson, 1990). Some essence are essential to biota but could be veritably dangerous when present in inordinate attention. Heavy essence arenon-degradable and veritably dangerous to shops, submarine organisms and mortal health at certain position of exposure( Mustafa and Nilgun, 2006). At low situations, some heavy essence, similar as bobby or cobalt, are essential for enzymatic exertion, but act as enzyme impediments at advanced attention. Other essence, similar as cadmium and lead, have no given essential part in living organisms, and are poisonous indeed at low attention( Bryan, 1976). Heavy essence can be classified as potentially poisonous; similar as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury,etc., presumably essential; similar as nickel, vanadium, cobalt and essential; similar as bobby , zinc, iron, manganese( Kheradmand etal., 2006).
In recent times, the need for a better understanding of heavy essence attention and dissipation patterns in submarine surroundings has been stressed following the discovery of high situations of poisonous heavy essence( particularly cadmium and lead) in fish and other living organisms( McConchie etal., 2008). Heavy essence attention in submarine ecosystems are generally covered by measuring their attention in water, sediments and biota, which generally live in low situations in water and attain considerable attention in sediments and biota( Camusso etal., 1995). Heavy essence including essential and unnecessary rudiments have a particular significance in ecotoxicology, since they’re largely patient and all have the eventuality to be poisonous to living organisms( Storelli etal., 2005).
Fish, which is frequently at the top of the submarine food chain concentrate large quantum of these essence from the girding waters. Fishes are important and the largest groups of invertebrates in the submarine system and heavy essence can be accumulated via both food chain and water( Gibson, 1994). Fishes have been considered good pointers for heavy essence impurity in submarine systems because they enthrall different trophic situations with different sizes and periods( Burger etal., 2002). Fish can be considered as one of the most significant pointers in brackish systems for the estimation of essence pollution position( Rashed, 2001). In addition, fishes are extensively consumed in numerous corridor of the world by humans, and weakened fish may jeopardize mortal health.
Studies on heavy essence in gutters, lakes, fish and sediments( Özmen etal., 2004; Begüm etal., 2005; Öztürk etal., 2008; Praveena etal., 2008) have been a major environmental focus especially during the last decade. The mortal body has need for roughly 70 friendly trace rudiments including heavy essence, but there are 12 toxic heavy essence, similar as lead, mercury, aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, chromium,etc., that act as toxic hindrance to the enzyme systems and metabolism of the body. It’s important to continuously cover the situations of heavy essence in submarine surroundings as the presence of essence adulterants in fresh water is known to disturb the delicate balance of the submarine ecosystem. likewise, fishes are notorious for their capability to concentrate heavy essence in their muscles and since they play important part in mortal nutrition, they need to be precisely screened to insure that gratuitous high position of some poisonous trace essence aren’t being transferred to man through fish consumption( Adeniyi and Yusuf, 2007). Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis are among the most generally gathered and consumed fresh water fish species in tropical waters. There’s thus a need for regular monitoring of the quality to help heavy essence impurity and bioaccumulation along the food chain.
In an submarine terrain, dissolved oxygen, hardness, pH, alkalinity and temperature have been reported to impact essence toxin( Adhikari etal., 2006). Nsikak etal.,( 2007) also reported that accumulation of heavy essence is told by the length and weight of fish while Haffor and Al- Ayed( 2003) linked time of exposure to heavy essence as another factor.
Statement Of Problem
Among environmental adulterants, heavy essence are of particular concern; due to their implicit poisonous effect and capability tobio-accumulate in submarine ecosystems( Censi etal., 2006) therefore, the pollution of the submarine terrain with heavy essence has come a public health problem worldwide during recent times. Heavy essence that are deposited in the submarine terrain may accumulate in the food chain and beget ecological damage as well as trouble to mortal health( Van de Broek etal., 2002; Gagnaire etal., 2004). Studies have shown that fish accumulate these heavy essence from the girding water bodies thereby leaving a health threat if taken as food( Prusty, 1994;US.DPHHS, 2005). Heavy essence input has also been reported to be basically due to drinking polluted water and ingestion of defiled food( Idodo- Umeh, 2002; FEPA, 2003; Asonye et al, 2007).
Heavy essence similar as bobby , iron and nickel are essential essence since they play important places in natural systems, whereas cadmium and lead are unnecessary essence, as they’re poisonous, indeed in trace quantities( Fernandes etal., 2008). still, these essential essence can also produce poisonous goods when the essence input is exorbitantly elevated( Tüzen, 2003). Heavy essence are taken into natural systems via inhalation, ingestion and skinabsorption.However, a gradational figure- up of these poisons will do and affect in toxin, If they enter and accumulate in body towel briskly than the body’s detoxification pathways can dispose of them. High attention exposure still, isn’t inescapably needed to produce a state of toxin in the body towel as overtime low attention can also reach poisonous situations( Prusty, 1994).
Humans, being the inhabitants of the apex of the food chain get the loftiest position of toxin in their food input. This was apparent in the Serious mortal mass poisonings from seafood in Minamata in 1956 and 1965 in Niigata due to alkylmercury discharged from chemical manufacturing shops( Environment Agency, Japan, 1975). also, the poisonous trouble frombio-accumulated cadmium was demonstrated by mortal “ itai- itai ” complaint in Japan in 1947, where Artificial discharge of cadmium into Jintsu River area, redounded in the death of further than 100 people who consumed the polluted water( Hutzinger, 1980; Ramade, 1987). In Nigeria, heavy essence have been intertwined in the upsurge of liver and order conditions and believed to be responsible for a high proportion of mortality caused by order and liver morbidity( Ndiokwere, 2004). The acute neurological goods of cadmium toxin manifests itself in the form of nausea, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea, puking, dizziness and casket pain. Also Rheumatic arthritis, muscular pain and osteomalacia in the senior are substantiation of habitual cadmium exposure( Klaassen, 1995). Long term exposure of humans to chromium can beget order and liver damage as well as damage to the circulatory and whim-whams apkins( Jackson and Morris, 1989). Lead( Pb) exposure can affect in a wide range of natural goods, with developing foetus more affected than grown-ups. The casualty rate of Pb neurotoxicity is about 25 while about 40 of the survivors have to live with neurological effect similar as internal deceleration, optical atrophy and cerebral paralysis( Harvey, 1975).
Regular monitoring of water bodies is an effective system of guarding submarine life as well as humans from the poisonous goods of heavy essence. still, several lakes in Nigeria haven’t been adequately assessed for heavy essence attention. Hence, this study assessed the attention of heavy essence in water and fish species from Agodi lake; a philanthropist of sewage effluent as well as other anthropogenic inputs and a provider of water as well as fish consumed by humans.
Aim And Objects
The main ideal of this study was the determination Of heavy essence attention in fish and water. The end of this study was achieved through the following specific objects
1. Determination of the physico- chemical quality of water samples from Agodi lake and its feeders.
2. Determination of the position of lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc and bobby in the water samples from the lake and its feeders.
3. Determination of the position of lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc and bobby in Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis from Agodi lake