Effect Of Eggshell As A Filler On The Mechanical Properties Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
Abstract
Traditionally, calcium carbonate is used as a padding in froth diligence and studies have shown that egg- shell contains about 94 calcium carbonate. The effect of egg- shell in flexible polyurethane froth was studied in this work. Froth with no padding was produced as a control. The egg- shell was beneficiated, characterized and used as padding in flexible polyurethane froth product with varying loads from 5w to 15 w at2.5 w interval. The effect of colorful flyspeck sizes on the egg- shell was also studied. Conventional calcium carbonate was also used and the result compared against the produced egg- shell filled froth samples. The produced samples were characterized for contraction set, indentation hardness, extension at break, tensile strength, heat ageing extension and tensile strength, support factor and viscosity. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) was also used to study the froth ‟ s morphology. The result of beneficiation showed that the quantum of CaCO3 increased by1.355 after beneficiating the egg- shell. The results indicated that 45 µm flyspeck size egg- shell was better in utmost of the parcels than other flyspeck sizes tested, with values closest to the control. The loftiest extension, tensile strength ahead and after heat ageing were attained at 5 wt of egg- shell. The results also showed that the egg- shell filled lathers at 63 µm flyspeck size and 5 wt lading for tensile strength and extension ahead and after heat ageing tests were advanced than calcium carbonate filled froth by1.04,2.66 kN/ m2,0.82 and2.22 kN/ m2, independently. In all cases, the viscosity increase with increase in padding lading and flyspeck size. The SEM analysis showed that cell openings of the produced filled lathers dropped as flyspeck size and padding content were increased.
Chapter One
Preface
A brief review of the exploration work is given in this chapter.
Background of the Study
Solid froth is formed when gas is blown through solidifying plastic. Depending on its capability to retain original shape after contraction, it can be classified as either flexible or rigid, Isa etal.,( 2012). The froth can either be closed or open cell lathers. In unrestricted cell lathers, the froth cellsare insulated from each other while the open cell lathers are made up of broken cell walls, Babalola and Dominic,( 2012).
Flexible polyurethane( PU) froth is one of the major products from urethane material. Flexible polyurethane lathers are used as bumper material for automotive seat, mattress, cabinetwork, and in packaging etc. According to Klempner and Sendijarevic( 2004), flexible polyurethane material has come similar extensively usedbecause of its excellent light weight, strength to weight rate performance and the most important is, it offers degree of comfort, protection and mileage not matched by other single accoutrements . This utility prompts the increase in the prices of polyurethane products constantly over the times which in turn needed the objectification of variety of paddings into froth samples.
Also, the prices of flexible polyurethane lathers are getting decreasingly grandly due to the high cost of raw accoutrements ( Onuegbuetal., 2010). The raw accoutrements are substantially liquid reagents and chemicals attained from petrochemicals and agro-products. The raw accoutrements demanded for the product of flexible polyether froth include polyol poly isocyanate, blowing agents, catalysts surfactants and cumulative similar as paddings( Onuegbuetal., 2005).