WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION
abstract
This research looks at domestic water supply and consumption in the Ibadan north east local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. During the study, both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected using administered questionnaires.
A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from 240 randomly selected households. This questionnaire was used to collect information such as the type of water source, distance from the house, and the household’s water consumption pattern, among other things. Secondary data for the 2006 population were obtained from the National Population Commission. Data was also obtained from the secretariat of the local government. Secondary data was used in the research to obtain accurate information about the study area.
The collected primary data were analyzed. For the analysis, an appropriate statistical package called SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and chi-square of independence were used. Some issues were discovered during the study, and solutions and recommendations were provided.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is one of the most valuable resources on the planet. It is a basic requirement for both plants and animals. Mankind cannot survive without water because the human body is made up of 70% water. Due to development, increased demand, climate change and the resulting drought, and explosive population growth, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world. One of the most important determinants of our health is the availability of a reliable and clean supply of water. According to WHO, diseases caused by contaminated drinking water place a significant burden on human health, and interventions to improve drinking water quality provide significant health benefits.
Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth. It exists in all three physical states of matter, gas, liquid, and solid, and it is constantly changing between them. The Earth has liquid oceans and polar regions covered in solid water. Sunlight energy is absorbed by liquid water in oceans, lakes, and rivers, causing some of it to evaporate and enter the atmosphere as an invisible gas known as water vapour. Water vapour cools and condenses as it rises in the atmosphere, forming tiny liquid droplets that scatter light and become visible as clouds. Under the right conditions, these droplets combine further and become heavy enough to precipitate (fall out) as drops of liquid or, if the air is cold enough, flakes of solid, thus returning to their original state.
the Earth’s surface to continue the cycle of water between its condensed and vapour phases.
The hydrologic cycle is a conceptual model that describes how water is stored and moved between the biosphere, athmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater are all major reservoirs for water on our planet. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration, melting, and groundwater flow are all processes that move water from one reservoir to another. The oceans provide the majority of the evaporated water in the atmosphere. Only 91% of this evaporated water is returned to the ocean basins via precipitation. The remaining 9% is transported to designated areas.
over landmasses where climatological factors cause precipitation to form. The resulting imbalance in evaporation and precipitation rates over land and ocean is compensated for by runoff and groundwater flow to the oceans.
Due to development, increased demand, climate change and the resulting drought, and explosive population growth, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world. One of the most important determinants of our health is the availability of a reliable and clean supply of water. Water use (demand) is thus a function of availability (supply).
Water use is classified into several categories, each with its own set of quantity and quality requirements. Water for drinking and cooking, waste disposal, crop production, aquaculture, livestock, industrial use, and recreational use are among these classes.
ecological values such as the survival of natural lake, riverine, or wetland communities. The amount of water used in each of these classes is primarily influenced by variables such as climate and precipitation. Socioeconomic conditions, tradition, culture, and water availability all influence the proportion of total water used for any specific purpose. Agriculture-based economies, such as Nigeria’s, will require up to 80% of available water for agriculture, with the remaining 10% for industrial and domestic use.
The water used to generate electricity in a city may be used for irrigation down a river. The same water may be withdrawn and used again for a public water supply or an industry. Water is only consumed by a few uses. Irrigated Agriculture, for example, uses 55% of the water available. As a result of the consumptive nature of irrigation, the number of concurrent users of the same resource is limited. Cities, for example, consume 21% of the water they withdraw. In contrast, industry, which uses a large amount of water, consumes only about 3% of that water. Despite the fact that the quality of the water returned to the system may change. Many industrial users may benefit from the same water resource unless unacceptable changes in quality occur. Normal physiological functions require about 2-10 litres of water per day, depending on climate and workload. Daily food consumption provides approximately 1 litre of water. A variety of factors influence total water consumption per capita per day, including
as availability, quality, cost, income, family size, cultural habits, standard of living, water distribution methods and means, and climate (World Bank Water Research Team, 1993).
The collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for public needs such as fire fighting and street flushing, constitutes a water supply system. The provision of potable water is perhaps the most important municipal service. People rely on water for drinking, cooking, washing, waste disposal, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet the needs of public, commercial, and industrial users. Water must meet both quality and quantity requirements in all cases. Water was an important factor in determining the location of the first settlements.
The evolution of public water supply systems is directly related to the growth of cities. The digging of shallow wells was probably the first innovation in the development of water resources beyond their natural state in rivers, lakes, and springs. Wells became deeper as the demand for water increased and tools were developed. City dwellers in the Indus River basin built brick-lined wells as early as 2500bce, and wells nearly 500 meters (more than 1,600 feet) deep are known to have been used in ancient China.
In Nigeria, public water supply began in the early twentieth century in a few towns managed at the lowest administrative level. Lagos, Calabar, Kano, Ibadan, Abeokuta, and Ijebu Ode (Ogun) were among the first to benefit. as well as Enugu. The schemes were supported by revenue from water sales, with almost no operational assistance from the government. With the establishment of regional governments in the early 1950s, the financial and technical responsibilities for developing new water schemes were transferred to regional governments, which also assigned supervisory high-level personnel to oversee operations and maintenance. The regions took their time establishing independent bodies to develop, operate, and manage the water supply. In 1966, the first water corporation was formed in the western region, taking over all assets and liabilities, including the existing staff. Staff from the Ministry of Works’ Water Division were also transferred to the new corporation. The following corporations were established in the 1970s. Today, Water boards/corporations or public utilities boards manage the public water supply in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. Local governments, in many cases, supplement their efforts by supplying water to small villages within their jurisdiction.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The study’s goal is to look into domestic water supply and consumption in Ibadan’s north-east local government area. The specific goals are as follows:
1. Determine the amount of water used in various households.
2. Identify the problems with water supply for area residents and propose a solution.
3. Investigate the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and water consumption patterns in the area.
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
There is no statistically significant relationship between household size and water consumption.
There is no statistically significant relationship between income and water consumption.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It is estimated that unsafe water supply and inadequate sanitation cause 80% of all diseases in developing countries. The lack of access to improved sanitation and safe drinking water is a global crisis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the effects of insufficient water supply are more visible and prevalent. The study area’s rapid growth has contributed to a high demand for water supply and consumption within it. Many residents rely on boreholes and wells for their water supply. This study will look at domestic water supply and consumption in Ibadan North East Local Government, as well as water supply problems and solutions for the people in the area.
1.5 SOURCES OF DATA
There are two types of data sources: primary sources and secondary sources. This study relied heavily on primary data sources. This was accomplished through the distribution of questionnaires.
1.5.1 PRIMARY SOURCE
The primary source will be obtained through the distribution of questionnaires to various community respondents. The questionnaire instrument will include multiple-choice questions that will be administered to random households across the local government’s wards. This study used a cross-sectional survey research design with structured open ended and closed ended questions for data collection. This research was carried out among the residents of Ibadan North East Local Government, specifically among the household heads of various households in the community. A total of 240 questionnaires were distributed in the Ibadan north east local government area. All questionnaires were distributed on purpose to twenty (20) households drawn from each ward. Ibadan north east Local government has twelve (12) wards, and each ward has an equal questionnaire of twenty (20) questions. The questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first section addresses the respondent’s socioeconomic characteristics, which include questions such as age, gender, religion, marital status, household size, occupation, monthly income, and so on. The second section addresses water supply and consumption patterns in their various households. Questions about their primary source of household water supply, distance to the source of water, the quality of water used in the household, and other pertinent questions to the study. The interviews were conducted among the residents who expressed an interest. The participant received no incentive.
1.5.2 SECONDARY DATA
Data from secondary sources were obtained from journals, as well as data from previous studies. Other sources of information included test materials, archives, previous projects, and literature, as well as articles related to the study. Secondary data was gathered from the local government secretariat and will be used in the research to obtain accurate information about the study area.
1.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The data was analyzed using both the descriptive and chi-square methods of data analysis. In the analysis, descriptive statistics were used to compare variables (such as socioeconomic characteristics, age, gender, occupation, and so on). This is used to summarize large amounts of data for easy comprehension. Simple frequencies and percentages, mean and standard deviation, and so on are examples of these. The analysis results are presented in tables and figures in order to discuss the data and information on various issues addressed by the research objectives. Chi square, a statistical test used to establish the dependency of one factor on another in order to determine whether or not there is a significant relationship between the tested factors, was used.
1.7 STUDY AREA
The Ibadan North East Local Government was established on August 27, 1991, by an administration led by former President General Ibrahim Badamosi Babaginda. It was formed from the defunct Ibadan Municipal government and was named after the metropolitan nature of the area it covered at the time (12 km radius with Mapo as the centre)
The administrative headquarters of the local government are located along the Iwo-road axis of Ibadan, a major entry point through the Ife/Ibadan expressway end of Oyo state capital. The majority of the residents of the local government are Yoruba, but it is highly heterogeneous, accommodating people from various other tribes who either engage in commercial activity or work in the public sector.
The local government is densely populated and serves a large area.
expanse of land with ab area of about 12.5 square kilometer. It is bounded on the east by the local governments of Egbeda and Ona ara, on the west by the local government of Ibadan North, and on the south by the local government of Ibadan South East. According to the 2006 census, the population was 330,399 people.
It has twelve (12) wards. At the legislative council, each ward is represented by a councillor. The 12 wards cover the areas listed below.
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