Analysis Of The Use Of Sentence Stress Among Selected Undergraduate Students

Analysis Of The Use Of Sentence Stress Among Selected Undergraduate Students

Chapter One

Preface

Background of the study

Constructively, a judgment is an florilegium of words that convey meaning and meaning and are formed according to the common sense of alphabet. Short and unequivocal rulings are substantially considered and further effective for long and complex rulings. supposedly, judgment is a verbal unit of one or further words that communicate an independent articulation, a question, a request, a process, a cry,etc., and which generally has a subject and a predicate. still, a judgment generally begins with a capital letter and ends with an applicable punctuation; in speech, it displays decipherable, unrestrained accentuation patterns and is again and again marked by the antedating and following pauses. In general, the statements and questions about the infectious transcendence of rulings force a subject and a verb, formatted autonomously, followed by what’s called an independent clause for illustration, he took the phone is a judgment . After hitting the phone, it’s not a judgment ; as a relief, it’s a dependent clause. Indeed if he has a subject and a verb, he must be connected to commodity to complete the statement after picking up the phone, he answered a call; or He answered a call after picking up the phone( Amayo, 2013).

It’s important to note that the rulings give us with the structure necessary for an accessible written judgment . still, good jotting chops are naturally vital to academic and professional success. The capability to write unequivocally and adeptly can transfigure complex and grueling jotting into a more creative, instigative and fulfilling jotting experience. In a more lucid sense, expression literacy is one of the most important ways to ameliorate your English jotting chops. On the other hand, jotting is constructed by placing the rulings one after the other, in a coherentway.However, it must be resolvable and devoting time to the mechanics of judgment structure can make a huge difference in your jotting( Kachru, 2014), If a single judgment is read audibly.). generally, rulings are comprised of clauses gatherings of words that express a solitary study. Given to that, there are two types of clauses

independent clauses

dependent clauses.

Actually, independent clauses can stick lonely as complete rulings whereas dependent clause needs an independent clause to complete its meaning by so doing different types of rulings are made up of different combinations of these two types of clauses.

Simple sentencesconsist of just one independent clause; it needs only one punctuation mark at the end( a full stop, interjection or question mark).

emulsion sentencesare made by emulsion simple rulings. Meaning that rulings joined which are privately confederated in content to make the writing further fluid.

Complex sentencesare made formerly there’s combination of an independent clause with a dependent clause whereby the dependent clause in the following illustration is in italics.

still, judgment stress come to play if one need to emphasize a specific fact or point in a textbook, there are further than a many ways to concentrate the anthology’s or listener’s attention on it.

Imperatively, arrangement of words by placing an introductory word at the inception of a judgment , for that reason, the pen makes the anthology pay attention to that word; the anthology is also alert for the rest of the judgment . really, the English language has a towering frequence of homographic vocabulary and still, this verbal observable fact habitually results in phonological and verbal inscrutability as well as detainments in verbal and pronunciation opinions by L2 compendiums , further than ever those that aren’t able of exploring contextual suggestions in pronouncing the words and ‘ indecorous ’ or ‘ incorrect ’ pronunciation of some English words, primarily the homographic bones , during reading or speech timber has frequently come with its attendant challenges and complications for speakers of English encyclopedically. specially, before experimenters who have worked on this observable fact have grounded their studies oninter-lingual factors associated with some sociolinguistic chemistry of languages in contact and this contact circumstances has given birth to numerous world Englishes( Kachru 2014, Crystal 2015 and Schneider 2003). But further than theseinter-lingual circumstances, there are some complications inbuilt in English which pose pronunciation challenges to speakers of the language generally and second language( L2) druggies in particular whereby Bryson( 2015) and Soneye( 2007) have linked the impact of spelling on the pronunciation of speakers of English and as well, Amayo( 2013) have linked the supra- segmental as the ‘ unlearn- suitable ’ aspect of English in an L2 environment. nonetheless down from these problems of English orthography and supra- segmental features is that one posed by homographic words to speakers of English in general and to the L2 speakers in particular and the reasons for this are multitudinous in that English homographic words are words having same spellings but with double or different pronunciations. still, this duality of oratory over and over again results in what Frost, Feldman and Katz( 2012) call verbal vagueness. For illustration, ‘ read ’( present tense) is pronounced as/ rí d while the once tense form of the same word is pronounced/ red/.

query is a miracle of mortal language including English and wherever it occurs, it demands further than one denotation in that it manifests at the phonological, verbal, syntactic and semantic situations of language in which at all of these situations, the outgrowth is communication failure or miscommunication and in other words, meaning is obscured and when this happens, imperfect communication comes about. It turns out to be exceptionally abecedarian at this point to make up the relationship in the middle of orthography and phonology from one perspective and phonology and significance on the other. Frost et al( 2012569) express the perspective that vagueness can live in the connection between the orthographic and phonological types of a word or between the phonological structure and its semantic representation. The purpose of union in the middle of phonology and semantics is that both help in representing meaning. A word is a phonological structure; its phonological representation is its verbal passage. Passing by this, each homographic word is given two unique passages with a specific end thing to separate it semantically. In any case, English doesn’t have any type of visual marker( as tonal cants do) to separate these homographic words and their different oratory suggestions. This constantly brings about semantic query. On the wise side, this study wants to probe empirically the challenges posed by English homographic words to some scholars of ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile- Ife with a sight to catching on their impact on communication among Nigerian undergraduates.

Statement of the problem

also, Simpson( 2015) identifies some of the goods of semantic query on visual word acknowledgment. Since words in this class have twofold passages, the liability of passing one of them is more noteworthy than the shot of relating single section. At the point when bivalent words are pored as two distinct rudiments, they prompt holdback choice in right articulation as per- druggies set away time to match oratory with significance. Undesirably, this isn’t a broad standard, and there are bounties of English words which sound the same both as verbs and as nouns ‘ travel ’( He works in a trip Agency and he hopes to travel by air to Abuja), ‘ picture ’( He flashed back taking the picture at a plant but couldn’t picture precisely which plant.) are a many exemplifications. These arrangements of words are both phonologically and semantically unequivocal. The setting of application as a rule decides the real open ramifications of similar verbal effects.

In an L2 environment, when a speaker pronounces ‘ REcord ’ rather of ‘ reCORD ’, it prompts miscommunication which, in another speech, can be called clamor. In any correspondence experience, there’s the demand for input. The acceptability of the input is subject to the capacity of the listener/ anthology to meetly decrypt the real dispatches conceived by the speaker/ pen at both the intra and interpersonal situations of communication. The transferring of the communication in verbal communication bases upon the correct oratory of words in the language in question. Once words aren’t rightly pronounced, particularly homographic words, they amount to noise. Noise, for this situation, is introduced as anything that meddles with, slows down, or reduces the limpidness or correctness of communication. One painlessly saw impact of error is vagueness with its specialist duality of counteraccusations in the psyche of the listeners compendiums . Challenges postured by these English homographic to L2 learners and how they respond to such a word.

Homography as an etymological phenomenon isn’t absolutely odd to Nigerian speakers of English. This wonder exists in the different indigenous languages spoken by them. On the other hand, these languages are tonal in nature as a consequence of which words with relative spellings are checked or declared dissimilarly because of the diacritic signs put on them. These signs help in showing the phonological contextualization that takes into consideration right elicitation of the word as anticipated by the encoder in a composed content. Tone mars on a many words in Nigerian languages, like Yoruba for illustration, help in making the significance of words particular. This capacity of tone is indicated to as ‘ semantic phonemicity ’( Atoye, 201448). For case, the following Yoruba homographic words are made particular with the different tone mars on them ‘ Obe ’( cutter) with the tone mark LM is made different from ‘ Obe ’( haze) with the tone ML and this phonological contextualization permissible in Yoruba language is missing in English were L2 speakers of English with this type of background are introduced to different types of homographs without any hint of phonological contextualization.

In view of the fact that English doesn’t stain out stress placement on words in a usual textbook piecemeal from in broad or narrow abstracts, L2 learners are anticipated to depend on practical contextualization former to written textbooks can be read and proper meanings decrypted by them and this chore of practical contextualization demands advanced position of language mindfulness on the part of L2 compendiums . Words that are phonologically unclear aren’t challenging to professed compendiums but are so to preschooler and unskilled compendiums who restate a string into further than one conceivable phonological acknowledgment that maps into further than single word in their vocabulary.

Points And Ideal Of The Problem

The general end is to examine the use of judgment stress among some undergraduate scholars of the ObafemiAwolowo University Ile Ife,

Specifically the study sought to

examine judgment stress between some undergraduate scholars

determine homographic words challenges to L2 learners

establish the alternativeused by the scholars in avoiding homographic words

assess undergraduate pupil’s reading capability

Defense Of The Study

It has been rigorously estimated that normal speakers of a language know from 45,000 to 60,000 words. On the other hand, this shows that optimistically one must have kept these words someplace in the heads, known as internal wordbook. still, innon-specialized each day talk, one talk about “ words ” while noway imagining this could be a problematic idea. It has been contended that the word could be characterized in four other courses as far as sound structure( i.e. phonologically), regarding it’s inside honesty, as far as significance( i.e. semantically), or as far as judgment structure( i.e. grammatically). specially, one might have allowed that the vacant spaces in writing glass pauses in the spoken language, and that possibly one could define the word as a unit in speech girdled by pauses. still, in circumspectly harkening to naturally being speech one will seize that speakers don’t make pauses before or after each word and possibly one could say that words can be girdled by eventuality pauses in speech.

Really, this decisive factor works much better, although it runs into problems because speakers can and do make pauses not only between words but also between syllables, for illustration for emphasis. Although there’s another way of how the sound structure can tell us commodity about the nature of the word as a verbal unit in that bone should suppose of stress and in innumerous languages( including English) the word is the unit that’s abecedarian for the circumstance and distribution of stress whereby spoken in insulation, every word can have only one main stress, as indicated by the acute accentuations( ´) in the data presented in( 3) below( note that one speak of verbal ‘ data ’ when we relate to language exemplifications to be anatomized).

3) – carpenter, text, wáter analysis, féderal syllable, móther understánd

Without mistrustfulness, the main stressed syllable is the syllable which is the most prominent bone in a word.

specially, elevation of a syllable is a part of intensity, pitch and length, with stressed-out syllables being pronounced louder, by means of elevated pitch, or with longer duration than the neighboring syllable( s) in which longer words constantly have redundant, weaker stresses, known to be secondary stresses, which frequently ignore then for plumpness’s sake of which frequently times terms to be deliberate act of short cut.

Compass Of The Study

The compass of this study isn’t anticipated to grasp in detail all that may have been demanded to develop the content of the study in view of its wide and its natural troubles associated with carrying data because of time condensation which will obstruct a useful detailed development of the exploration content.

Methodology

Methodological methodology entails data collection whereby the subjects were made to read some semantically prejudiced rulings containing some homographic verbal particulars and the subjects ’ readings were recorded and anatomized. still, 24( twenty four) undergraduate scholars of English language of the ObafemiAwolowo University were used as the subjects for this study of which six subjects made up of 3 scholars each from Yoruba and Igbo taking outs were drawn from 100 position to 400 position. The selection due to the fact that they fall within the accepted ranges of scholars ’ admission guiding principle, distinct the Hausa counterparts those aren’t available in the department.