Biafra Agitation: Any Justification

Biafra Agitation: Any Justification

Chapter One

BIAFRA AS LED in CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU

The Remote Causes of the Biafra Declaration

By remote causes we mean those crimes committed, miscalculations made, events,etc. that in one way or the other contributed to the Nigeria’s political insecurity, which are frequently ignored, but form the bedrock of the immediate heads that led to the tried secession. We need to note, and importantly too, that these remote causes date back topre-amalgamation period, and inversely too, that their negative consequences still persist as lately as ever till moment.

Before the appearance of the social masters, the different peoples that make up what we now call Nigeria lived as independent fiefdoms, conglomerates, democracy, caliphates etc. These peoples had their different socio- political structures, societies and( occasionally) religion, which in utmost cases differed greatly from one another’s. In the North, it was a largely centralized socio- political structure, with the caliph at the head enjoying an absolute power both in political, judicial and persuasions matters. It was a theocracy with Arab oriented culture and the sanctioned religion was Islam.

In the South the case was different. Then we see different political executive systems and artistic exposures, with some little parallels among some groups. In the Yoruba dominated South- West it was another form of centralized system of government which was more popular and largely less totalitarian than the one in the North. Their exposure was principally African both in religion and culture. The most prominent among the Yoruba fiefdoms was the old Oyo Empire. Moving eastwards from there you meet Benin area in theMid-West which had some parallels with the Yoruba fiefdoms but politically independent of them. There are inversely some other lower independent political realities and fiefdoms in places like Bonny, Kalabari, Lagosetc.

Coming to the Igbo dominated East, the system of government was substantially democratic. The small political units scattered far and wide independent of one another. The system was completely decentralized and no bone had the power to lord it over the other, yet they had leaders who just had the accreditation to represent their people the way the people wished. Everybody was involved in the political life of the community and everything was by agreement; thorough republicanism.

When the social masters came, they inked covenants of protection with these different peoples and these covenants were most frequently inked later long wars of resistance1. This means that some of these peoples noway for formerly accepted the social masters ’ protection, but were rather overpowered. What followed incontinently was total exploitation of their coffers in the name of defensive administration. These different peoples were pithily administered independently but the major dividing line was drawn between the North and the South as separate realities. These peoples were latterly fused together for the British profitable and executive conveniences without their concurrence; they were only talked to and not talked with. This is how what we now call Nigeria falsely came to be a country, after the 1914 admixture.

After the admixture, one would anticipate the social masters to begin to unify the minds of these peoples who had little or nothing in common and more still who noway acceded to the admixture. This noway happed; rather the reverse was the case. The British did all they could to plant as important discord as possible among these different peoples till they left, that the goods are ever explosively holding the so- called country to rescue till moment. Yet they tried their stylish veritably cleverly to help any section from leaving the pack and granted them independence as a country and still fight for its commercial actuality further than any person till moment. At this point a normal thinking mind will ask, ‘ Why this double standard? ’. Alexander Madiebo puts the answer therefore

The confederation of Nigeria as it exists moment has noway really been one homogenous country, for its extensively differing peoples and lines are yet to find any base for true concinnity. This unfortunate yet egregious fact notwithstanding, the former social master had to keep the country one, in order to effectively control his vital profitable interest concentrated in the more advanced and “ politically unreliable ” South.2

Despite all these, there have noway been any serious sweats by either the British themselves or the Nigerian government subsequently to find a base under which there would be true concinnity, to bring these peoples together. The social master would not allow that to be for such a move would be a great trouble to their profitable interest for which the schism was designedly created. They would rather go on to introduce further measures of ‘ peak and rule ’ policy which would always go further to widen the gap between the different ethnical ethnicities.3 What this is saying is that contrary to our belief, Nigeria as a country doesn’t live. What we rather see is a bare shadow whose real actuality is in the British profitable world, in the manner of Plato’s world of forms. therefore, it’s only the peoples linked with this name that live.

My conclusions may sound redundant, or frivolous, or indeed novelettish to some cognizance. To similar people I would demand to see the following with me. What should be the case in a country? Is it not supposed to be a place where all citizens are equal in everything as the case may be? A place where all citizens live safely in every part of the home without botheration by fellow citizens? A place where every citizen has equal civil rights and can hold any political office in any place within the home? A place where citizens are signed to government institutions grounded on qualification and not on ethnical or religious identity? Is it not supposed to be a place where all citizens are first class citizens and see the whole territorial mainland as motherland? The questions can go on infinitely. But what has been the case in Nigeria from the time of colonialism to date?

The case has been extremely contrary in Nigeria. In the first place, there are as numerous homes as there are ethnical groups in Nigeria. An Igbo who finds himself in Hausa land is completely an unsafe foreigner who can be attacked and killed any moment by the citizens of the land. An Hausa who’s in Yoruba land is in turn a foreigner, and the case continues on. All these are products of the British ‘ peak and rule ’ policy which they precisely and constantly created and maintained in their consecutive executive constitutions. They emphasized what divide the peoples than what unite them, and rather than treating them as a people, they projected them as Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Christians, Muslims, etc, among themselves and as adversaries. They went further and concentrated the so- called country into Hausa- Fulani dominated North and, Yoruba and Igbo dominated South, with the North having the seventy five percent of the total mainland and the purported sixty percent of the total population.4 Yet some of the Hausa- Fulani dominated nonages in the North have further affinity with the South than with the North. The South was further divided into Igbo dominated East and Yoruba dominated West and the after birth of theMid-West. This calculated unstable polarization didn’t go without demurrers from the leaders of the two sides of the South, yet it was assessed on them and meant to be the platform for political conditioning from that moment on.

As one would anticipate, grounded on the fact that this unstable division into regions was meant to be the platform for political conditioning, the civil government automatically came dominated by the North who had at least fifty percent of the total seats in the Federal House of Representatives. This came the climax of events that fitted insecurity into the bloodstream of Nigeria’s polity. How can a section of Nigeria dominate the rest put together and always mandate to them what would be done? This single act destroyed every aspect of Nigeria’s life as a political reality, starting from politics, which is the life line of a society, to civil service, frugality and so on. Worse still the decreeing North was far behind the South intellectually that it came a case of the eyeless leading the observed. What would one anticipate from this other than a constant rebellion by the observed who would always see the leading eyeless dangerously taking him to a hole? The situation is indeed far from being better in the service as the ethnical share system of reclamation introduced shortly before the independence offered a mandatory sixty percent reclamation to the North, fifteen to West and East each and ten toMid-West in any reclamation at each in the Army.5 The sum total outgrowth of this would be nothing short of immolating merit, capability, excellence, productivity, etc, on the alter of ethnical politics. Yet it’s always assessed on me to say that Nigeria is a country. But I know that in a country every citizen is as important as the other and everything is thus done on the base of the most competent whether or not they all come from one section or indeed a family, handed they do it for the general good.

At this juncture I would like us to suppose a bit. Do the below events appear coincidental? Emphatically no! All the below happenings during the foundation laying gravestone of the Nigeria’s endless political structures were done for certain ends, not for the people called Nigerians, but for the people that manipulated them. They were permanently laying the foundation for theinter-ethnic contest, conflicts, dubitation and abomination that has always made it extremely difficulty for Nigeria to be a real country, besides laying the foundation for moment’s Nigeria’s steady movement down from development rather of the other way round. If one is in mistrustfulness I would suggest that one casts one’s mind through the history and study more nearly the developments of events to date.

Before the appearance of the British, these different peoples, indeed though they were of different political sovereignties, had some friendly and politic relations among themselves especially through trade. They dwelled side by side more peacefully than now. Their relationship with one another turned veritably bad with the below happenings. They now find it extremely delicate to co-occur and since also have always held one another to the throat. Yet they were going to be a country by 1st October 1960, without first being a people. How would they manage together to get their independence, one may ask? What would follow latterly?

The answers to the questions above aren’t surprising at all. They noway worked in harmony indeed close to the independence. At a point the date for the independence itself came a source of serious political clash between the poles, which was culminated with the Kano hoot of 1953 that left knockouts of thousands of Southerners in Kano dead and their parcels pillaged. It further led to the tried secession of the North5. Indeed among the Southerners themselves there was no concinnity of purpose. piecemeal from the before chauvinists likeH.O. Davies, Herbert Macaulay, Ernest Ikolietc. who were true chauvinists, in the West, the youngish generation of Yoruba politicians led by Chief Obafemi Awolowo were ethnical chauvinists who were unnaturally interested in the weal of their ethnical group other than the general good. 6 The same was also the case in the North, were Ahmadu Bello was completely playing egocentric sectionalism, especially after the independence. The Northerners led by Ahmadu Bellow formerly said that the 1914 admixture of Nigeria was a tragic mistake in the Nigerian history7 while Awolowo said that Nigeria is a bare geographical expression.8

In the East, you again find a people of different belief altogether. Led byDr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, they explosively believed and worked for a united Nigerian course, occasionally to a tone-destructive extent. therefore Uwalaka puts it

The early Igbo positive disposition in the construction of this Nigerian project contrasted sharply with the attitude of the leaders of the other two major tribes, the Hausa and Yoruba… in 1947, Alhaji Tafawa Balewa(later to become the first Nigerian Prime minister) said “since the Amalgamation of the Southern and Northern provinces in 1914, Nigeria has existed as one country on paper…”…Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto(later to become the first Nigerian Governor of northern region ) said “Nigeria is so large and the people so varied that no person with any real intellectual integrity would be so foolish as to pretend that he speaks for the country as a whole.” We know the famous statement of Obafemi Awolowo, the post independent Yoruba leader, that “Nigeria is a mere geographical expression.”9

After everything the summary is that there was no unity of purpose. There has always been a strong division between North, East and West, but the division has been stronger between North and South in general. Therefore the people we now parade as Nigerian nationalists were actually ethnic nationalists, except in some cases. But after everything, they got their so-called independence as a country. How come that this could happen? At least from the story so far, there is no basis for unity. Instead there have been some separatist signs. The Muslim North had never wanted to associate with the Christian South, and had at least once made a bold step to secession but which was neutralized by the British.

Looking at all these, there are certain things glaringly clear to any thinking mind. The totality of the Nigerian political structure is a product of the British mind, imposed on the people, for the former’s future use, despite protests by the later. They had all this while been putting things in positions for use, mainly after the so-called independence. Now look at it. The British strongly wanted to lock these peoples together as a country, not in a real sense, but in a formal sense, so that they would continually exploit them after the so-called independence, as they would be at one another’s throats as had been institutionalized. For this they cleverly neutralized every move towards disintegration. Because they felt they could always deceive the North than the South, they put everything in the control of the North, through the regional inbalance by which the North would always control every political decision in Nigeria through their population domination, and then they would now make the North their mouthpiece and hence control Nigeria through them. That was why they hypocritically played romance with the North to the detriment of other sections, to deceive them into believing that they were friends, and always inspired every of their political moves. But the North is only a means to an end; we are all looked at together as Africans. Therefore Nigeria is not real; instead it is a mere economic institution of the British. The so-called Independence Day was the day everybody in Nigeria ‘gloriously’ matched into the tract of the race to perpetual dependence and slavery, otherwise called neo-colonialism. What happened after the so-called independence, which I classify in this work as the immediate causes of the Biafra declaration gives credence to this.

1.2 The Immediate Causes of The Biafra Declaration.

After the federal fraud called federal election 1959, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Chief Obafemi Awolowo became the Governor-General, the Prime Minister and the opposition leader in the Federal House of legislature respectively. Also, Sir Ahmadu Bello, Chief S.L. Akintola and Dr. Michael Okpara became Premiers of North, West and East respectively and the race started.

After the independence, Nigeria was hailed as Africa’s hope for democracy. This was because the independence was by peaceful means rather than violent revolution, and because Nigeria was economically viable with great potentials for future development, particularly in view of the large market it presented for industrial goods.10 All this big hope came to nothing for the destructive seed of ethnicity, corruption, inter-ethnic mutual hatred already institutionalized in the system during the foundation laying by the colonial masters, which had long matured into a big tree, soon began to disperse poisonous fruits into every sector of the society’s life. There were socio-political explosive situations originating from unhealthy inter-ethnic rivalry, nepotism, chauvinistic and egocentric sectionalism, corruption, power tussle etc.

In the West it was Action Group party crisis through which Awolowo and his group were permanently neutralized with the purported treason offence and Akintola imposed on the people despite their protests. The West turned into ‘Wild-West.’ The East had relative peace except for the census crisis of 1962/63 and federal election crisis of 1964, none of which was regional crisis in a strict sense, and perhaps, the case of Isaac Adaka Boro. In the North, the Chief actor was Ahmadu Bello who ruled the whole federation from Kaduna through the puppet Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Muslim fanatic and an Hausa-Fulani ethnic bigot.11 He was openly, and shamelessly too, an ethnic chauvinist to an embarrassing degree.[2] He was the unrivalled leader of NPC, a party which developed from a Northern ethnic organization. Because of the regional imbalance, this party would perpetually have the majority seat in the Federal House of Representatives and therefore was very powerful. The Sardauna was therefore very powerful and enjoyed an unrivalled popularity in the North. Because of his unrivalled popularity among the Northern politicians, coupled with the Northern domination in the Federal House of Representatives, he held the whole federation to ransom, and was politically undisciplined. He was actually the Prime Minister in the body of Sir Tafawa Balewa.[3] He used federal institutions like the military at will. Thus he used the military for private matters and mainly for political purposes; with the federal Army he politically suppressed Tiv minority uprising in the North. He was equally behind the crisis in the West.[4]

In his bid to stuff the whole rank and file of the federal military with the Northerners he suffocated it with Northern chaffs, that every Northerner on trousers became a military man, just to out-number the Southerners. Because of his power and influence, military promotions were mainly based on ethnic identity, which naturally favored the Northerners, while the Southerners who were ambitious had to openly identify with Northern politicians before realizing their dreams.[5] The military thus turned into a place of political maneuvers. The climax of this maneuver was the competition between Brigadier Ademulegun and General Aguiyi Ironsi on whom to succeed the last British General Officer Commanding (GOC). Ademulegun was seriously romancing with Northern politicians by all means while Aguiyi Ironsi showed little interest, but the latter was however made the GOC after everything.[6] The result of all these was that the military became a mockery; where seniority and competence did not matter again, and they became politically conscious. The standard was fast running down to zero degree because recruitments and promotions were based on ethnicity, rather than competence. When all these things were happening remember, people were daily being killed in the West and in Tiv land on political basis.[7] Worse still, there were strong reasons to believe the rumours of an impending Islamic jihad which was again linked to the Sardauna.[8]

As usual, the poor masses bore the brunt of the above situation and could naturally anticipate a military revolution. In the military, the issue of an impending coup became a common talk. Seeing what was going on in the federation, some more radical soldiers believed that coup d’etat was the only way out and consequently struck on January 15, 1966. This coup, generally accepted as Nzeogwu’s coup (but Ifeajuna’s for Ojukwu), took about a total of fifteen lives of both soldiers and civilians, including the Surdauna and the Prime Minister.[9] It succeeded in the North while failed in the South for the following reasons.

The soldiers had different views about the coup d’etat. There were those who believed that the only way to move the federation foreword was through coup d’etat. They include Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, Emma Ifeajuna, Don Okafor, Chris Anuforo, Wole Ademoyega and their accomplices. Some supported the coup but would not risk their lives and thus, remained neutral. Some others saw it as a mutiny, considering their reaction during the coup. There were equally some others who would not support it if they knew about it. These were mainly those who dinned with the corrupt politicians; the circumstance favoured them. And so on.

The dogfaces led by Major Nzeogwu succeeded in the North as Nzeogwu was in total control of Kaduna. still, it’s clear Odumegwu Ojukwu anticipated the achievement and was on the watch out. He could thus arrest those transferred to take over his unit and maintained peace in Kano.( 10) In the South, the achievement was a total mess- up. General Aguiyi Ironsi, the licit commander of the whole civil service, escaped those transferred for him in Lagos and still retained the control of the army especially in Lagos.( 11) Those transferred to the East were placed between the devil and the blue ocean. They were placed in dilemma of either venturing the life of an transnational guest, Archbishop Makarios, the Cypriot leader who visited the Eastern Premier,Dr. Michael Okpara, as they went on with the achievement or, save his life by staying till he left, which means delaying the achievement.( 12) After everything, the achievement was a mock. Ironsi, still retaining his power, having escaped the dogfaces and seeing the achievement as a insurgency, could successfully balk it in the South. When some of the dogfaces taking part in the achievement set up out that Ironsi was still in control of the army in the South, they incontinently switched over to his side in fear while others ran down.( 13) Everything now boiled down to a situation of polarization of power; Ironsi in control of the South while Nzeogwu in control of the North. Ironsi ordered Nzeogwu to surrender but Nzeogwu was ready to have it out to a conclusive end with Ironsi before he was advised by some army officers to surrender to Ironsi, at least having succeeded in deposing the loose governance.( 14) Nzeogwu ultimately surrendered on certain conditions, which included non prosecution of those who took part in the achievement.

What remained of the first democracy governance formally handed power over to General Aguiyi Ironsi throughDr. Nwafor Orizu, who was the acting chairman asDr. Azikiwe was outside the country, purportedly on health reasons.

When Aguiyi Ironsi came to power, he made the topmost miscalculations of his life which bring him both his life and those of other millions of people. He wanted to impress the Northerners by all means that he wasn’t Igbo- centric but he ended up worshipping them. He girdled himself with too numerous Northerners and his governance could in fact be called Northern governance, for he hardly took any decision without their knowledge. To avoid dubitation , he proscribed any Igbo person from speaking Igbo in his office.( 15) Again those he appointed to interrogate into the January 1966 achievement were substantially poisoned Northerners.( 16) also, some Northerners he placed in important positions were close associates of the loose politicians killed in January achievement, some of whom hardly escaped the executing pellets of the achievement.

All these people, realizing that Ironsi was ready to please them, had and used the whole time to poison the minds of the Northern crowd about the achievement, which originally was veritably popular among them. They aroused their feelings against the Easterners and prepared their minds for reprisal attacks, in a well planned programme of events. Ironsi himself lost his life in one of these attacks.

All that ultimately led to the civil war could have been avoided had Ironsi heeded to his Southern sisters, especially the Igbos. He only heeded with full confidence, to the Northerners around him who were heartlessly fraudulent on destroying him. The first part of the well-conditioned systematized pogrom which was putatively of Northern government action, started on May 29, 1966, after which thousands of corses of Southerners littered the major metropolises in the North. The rioters latterly couldn’t agree on a particular reason. For some, it was Ironsi’s unitary system of government; some others, it was to retaliate their leaders killed in January achievement; but for maturity, they wanted secession for they would not be part of any confederation that isn’t headed by a Northerner.( 17)

Seeing no corrective measure from Ironsi against their first act, with full confidence they came back the alternate time. It started between 28th and 29th May when Ironsi visited the West on his civil stint. He was killed along withLt.Col. Francis Fajuyi, the Governor of the West. The same fate awaited dogfaces of Southern origin and Easterners in particular, maturity of whom weren’t lucky enough to escape. After the dogfaces, the Eastern civilians came the primary targets. formerly Gowon had taken over power and declared ‘ no base for concinnity ’.

What followed latterly was a evanescent but continual butchery of Easterners outside their region especially in the North, with a horrifying brutality that took knockouts of thousands of lives. The killing cut across age, coitus, status, and took several barbaric forms. Some were locked up in houses and were moreover cut down with sharp objects or set ablaze with the house. numerous women above the age of ten were ravished to death while pregnant bones had their wombs ripped open, and their foetuses intimately executed. Crying children scattered far and wide as they were chased about and cut down. Some people’s heads were set on fire and allowed to die a slow death, and so numerous other horrifying stories. Those who successfully returned to the East alive were scarcely seen without serious damage in their bodies and the East came over crowded as the Easterners streamed back to the East.

As Ojukwu was looking for a result to this problem, Gowon remained inhuman and was officially pursuing Northern docket aimed at perfecting a total decimation of the Easterners. His diversionary ad hoc indigenous conference that took off on 12th September 1966 was further of dictation than discussion for within many weeks he and his Northern sisters championed one stage after the other till they ironically came back to square one They rioted for secession originally. In the conference they now championed confederation. They latterly shifted to confederation, and ultimately ended with the unitary system of government against which they originally rioted, all within veritably many weeks, and with a trouble to use force on any group that failed to misbehave. What a insincerity and atrociousness!

The last stopgap for peace was squandered when Ojukwu and Gowon interpreted the Aburi Accord else despite the fact that it was well proved. Ojukwu had formerly seen the implacable thirst for the blood of the Easterners, and called the Eastern Nigerian community leaders on May 26th, 1967, and detailed them on the situation. The Consultative Assembly commanded him on May 27th, 1967, to declare Eastern Nigeria at the foremost practicable date, a autonomous and independent state with the Name ‘ Republic of Biafra. Gowon’s nippy response to this was to abandon the Aburi Accord and produce Nigeria into twelve countries on May 27, 1967. Ojukwu declared the democracy of Biafra on May 30, 1967 and the Biafran war started on July 6, 1967.( 18)

The Resultant War, Its Challenges and Responses.

As secession was the only remaining volition for tone- defence, the Easterners incorrectly believed that the world having seen how greatly they had been treated unjustly, would not support any attack on them by the Nigerian government. But this wasn’t to be true for transnational politics is a game of gain and not of heart. also, some of the so- called powers had all these while been uniting with the Nigerian government that incontinently the war broke out, they threw their weight behind Gowon. Britain was laboriously supporting Nigeria while America, however claimed neutral, didn’t fete Biafra. utmost of the spurts used by the Nigerian colors were Russian spurts. Indeed though these people posed as their reasons that secession was illegitimate, it was all for selfish motives. Muslim African countries like Egypt pitched their roof with the Nigerian government maybe, on religious ground. therefore Egyptian aviators were veritably active in Nigerian Air Force during the war. The most outstanding European power on Biafran side was France and Black African countries like Ivory Coast, Gabon, Zambia and Tanzania honored Biafra, but their total help was far from being sufficient. Faced with extreme difficulties, the creative imagination of the Biafrans shone out. therefore they could construct in the areas of Agriculture, ordnanceetc.

The nature of the war made Biafrans regard it as genocide, because from every suggestion there were serious moves to abolish every human being on the Biafran side. The Russian spurts were spreading snares every place reflective of mortal lives, like hospitals, request places, seminaries, houses etc. The total leaguer from foreign contact and the starvation measure which took more lives than security did, were principally targeted on the civilians. There was inversely an alleged poisoning of food coming into Biafra by the Nigerian government.

This war dragged on for thirty months and Biafrans unfit to repel the pressures any longer, surrendered shortly after Ojukwu had left for Ivory Coast. The total death estimate is about three million.

The Consequences of the Biafran War.

After the Biafran rendition, the Nigerian military head of state, Yakubu Gowon, declared that there was ‘ No Victor No subdued ’ and declared the move of the civil government towards conciliation, recuperation and reconstruction concerning the war. In reality, the contrary came the case for the war continued in a worse form; no longer as two independent sovereignties but as a whipper nation and the conquered home. Contrary to the anticipation of the Easterners, there was a methodical farther leaguer of relief accoutrements incontinently after the Biafran rendition by the Nigerian government, causing further mercenary deaths indeed more than recorded within the last weeks of the war. numerous Biafran dogfaces were shot by Nigerian colors after their rendition and those who survived were dismissed from the forces like army, police etc. numerous people’s last drop of stopgap for survival of the extremely dehumanizing war- caused conditions were destroyed when they were allowed only twenty pounds each from all they loaded into Nigerian banks before the war ended, while those paralyzed by the war have since also been sagging at Oji uncared for. Again, the reconstruction propaganda has not been matched with action as the flirter destructions of the war have remained forgotten by the civil government. To ever increase their mournings and inversely produce schism among the Easterners, the parcels of the Igbos in some places, especially in Port- Harcourt, were declared abandoned till moment. Besides making life ever more delicate for the Igbos, this was meant to produce schism between the Igbos and the occupants of Port- Harcourt, who being hopeless beyond control would most probably accept the offer of inheriting the parcels of the Igbos in their midst. To grease the destruction of Igbo solidarity and identity, numerous Igbo communities have been forced to countries dominated by Igbo-hostile communities, which makes these Igbos deny their Igbo identity in order to escape maltreatment. As these people were still desperately battling with these blood- stinking and dehumanizing situations, indigenization policy was introduced to vend the indigenized foreign companies to the ‘ real citizens ’ of Nigeria; like the Yorubas who served most and are now the sole regulators of the profitable sector of the confederation. This was totally done in order to permanently nail the Easterners to poverty and state of total rejection, while the ‘ real citizens ’over-take them and permanently maintain control of every sector of the civil government. therefore after everything, the Hausas control power, Yorubas control frugality, while the Igbos are labourers.

These and so numerous other way continually being added in order to totally and fully shatter the ‘ Biafrans ’ have continually and decreasingly been the case for further than thirty times after their rendition. This ever worsening situation of perpetual slavery and dehumanization getting decreasingly unsupportable, and without any stopgap for a unborn change, this people flashed back Biafra again and bounced back to it but in a new way; it’s now a new Biafra.

1I.R.A.Ozugbo, A History Of Igboland In The 20th Century, Snaap PressLtd., Enugu, 1999,p. 33.

2 diurnal- GenA. Madiebo, The Nigerian Revolution And The Biafran War, Fourth Dimension PublishersCo.LTD., Enugu, 1980,p. 3.

3Loc.cit.

4I.R.A. Ozigbo,Op.cit.p. 15.

5 diurnal- GenA.A. Madiebo,Op.cit.p. 10

5B.C. Nwankwor, Authority In Government, Almond Publishers, Makurdi, 1992,p.201- 202.

6I.R.A. Ozigbo,Op.cit.p. 15.

7B.C. Nwankwor,Op.cit.p. 223.

8J.N. Uwalaka, Igbos To Be Or Not To Be, Snaap PressLTD., Enugu, 2003,P.50.

9Loc.cit.

10F. Aghamelu, Political Conditioning In Nigeria Before And After Independence, Unpublished Work, Pope John Paul ii Major Seminary, Okpuno Awka, 2003,p. 148.

11B. Gbulie, Nigeria’s Five Majors, Africana Educational Publishers( NIG) LTD, Onitsha, 1981,p. 52.

2)Ibid.,p.27- 28.

3)C.Enonchong., Who Killed Major Nzeogwu? Ranorama Books, Calabar, 1987.,p.15- 16

4) Maj- GenA.A. Madiebo,Op.cit., Chapt.1

5)Loc.cit.

6) Ibid,.P.11- 13.

7)B. Gbulie,Op.cit.,p.6- 8

8)Ibid.,p. 36, 38- 39, 56.

9)Ibid.,p. 160.