Patterns Of Smoking And Health Risk Perception Of Out-of-school Youths

Patterns Of Smoking And Health Risk Perception Of Out-of-school Youths

Chapter One

Preface

Background to the Study

The impact of smoking and tobacco use on health can not be over emphasized. Cigarette smoking remains a gigantic public health problem and is still regarded as one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide( Can, Topbas, Ozuna, Ozgun, Can & Yavuzyilmaz, 2009; Mpabulungi & Muula, 2004; Salawu, Danburam, Desalu, Olokoba, Agbo & Midala, 2009; World health Organisation, 2015). It’s well- known that numerous smokers start before the age of 18 times, still, it’s of great interest to know that the adding trend in smoking frequence amongst youths and the liability that numerous of these youthful people who begin to bomb at an early age, will continue to do so throughout majority( Adebiyi, Faseru, Sangowawa & Owoaje, 2010).

Although tobacco use has declined in numerous high income countries similar as the United States and United Kingdom, it’s adding in numerous low and middle income countries( Boutayeb & Boutayeb, 2005; Warren, Jones, Eriksen & Asma, 2006) and in current situation, tobacco smoking is by far the most popular form of smoking and is rehearsed by over one billion people in the maturity of all mortal societies( Akinpelu, 2015). Tobacco is the most common dangerous substance and this is backed by its fairly vacuity, heavy creation and wide consumption and has been revealed to be problematic including other forms of use other than cigarettes, which is on the rise among adolescents in numerous countries, and is likely to peril progress in reducing habitual conditions and tobacco- related mortality( CDC, 2010; Warren etal., 2006).

The constant increase in the consumption of tobacco among adolescents is arising as a complex and multidimensional problem( Soni & Raut, 2012). Melgosa( 2006) correctly considers tobacco as a medicine with the smallest threat, in the short term but one which takes down health and life from the topmost number of people in the long term.

Cigarette smoking is said to be responsible for over 25 conditions in humans some of which include ischemic heart complaint, habitual bronchitis and cancers of the lung, oral depression, urinary bladder, pancreas, and larynx( Desalu, Olokoba, Danburam, Salawu & Issa, 2008). Over the once four decades, tobacco use has caused an estimated 12 million deaths in the world, including4.1 million deaths from cancer,5.5 million deaths from cardiovascular conditions,2.1 million deaths from respiratory conditions and 94,000 child deaths related to maters smoking during gestation( WHO, 2009; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002; Ekrakene & Igeleke, 2010) and on average cigarette smokers lose about 15 times of their life( The global tobacco check cooperative group, 2002; Raji, Abubakar, Oche & Kaoje, 2013).

It’s estimated that number of deaths due to tobacco will increase from 3 million per time worldwide to 70 million per time by 2025( Reddy & Arora, 2005; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). It has been said that adolescents are especially vulnerable to these goods and may be more likely than grown-ups to develop an dependence to tobacco( Chakraborty, 2009). In addition, it has been prognosticated that if the pattern presently seen among youth continues, a continuance of tobacco use would affect in the deaths of 250 million children and youthful people alive moment, utmost of them in developing countries( WHO, 2012).

Like other developing countries, the most susceptible age for initiating tobacco has been set up between the periods of 15- 24 times as apparent in the study by Gboyega, Adesegun and Chikezie( 2013) relating youths as a major group involved in smoking over the last two decades, an age group where utmost are anticipated to be in academy. Educational attainment is extensively regarded as an important health threat factor because of how explosively it has been associated with health issues, health- related actions, and other threat factors( National Center for Health Statistics, 1999). For the once 30 times, smoking forestallment programmes have been concentrated nearly simply upon youth, substantially within the academy setting( Backinger, 2003; Ekanem, 2008; Salawu, Danburam & Isa, 2010; Fawibe & Shittu, 2011; Hammond, 2005; Nwafor, Ibe & Aguwa, 2012; Odukoya, Odeyemi & Oyeyemi, 2013; Okagua, Opara & Alex- Hart, 2015) despite School dropouts being more likely to bomb heavily than scholars( Aloise- Young, Cruickshank & Chavez, 2002). In Nigeria, the frequence of tobacco use among youth tends to be advanced than among grown-ups( Odukoya, Odeyemi, Oyeyemi & Updhyay, 2013).

Statement of the Problem

Smoking among youths has been on an increase worldwide( Pomara, Cassano, D’Errico, Bello, Romano & Riezzo et al, 2012) with values ranging from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012( Marie, 2013). Studies have revealed that there has been a high increase in the frequence rate of smoking among youth insub-Saharan Africa( Shafey, Dolwick & Guindon, 2012) and Nigeria precisely( Drope, 2011; Yahya, Hammangabdo & Omotara, 2010), with statistics showing that youths form over 40 of the Nigerian population and 18 of the youths bomb, relating youths as a major group involved in smoking over the last two decades( Gboyega, Adesegun & Chikezie, 2013).

Smokers ’ low perception of the negative goods of their smoking geste on their health also results in numerous of them being unintentional to quit smoking with utmost of them expressing a sense of invincibility to the hazards of smoking( Fawibe & Shittu, 2011). Studies have shown that individualities who perceive smaller pitfalls and lesser benefits of smoking are more susceptible to inauguration( Song, Morrell, Cornell, Ramos, Biehl, Kropp & Halpern- Felsher, 2009). Literatures have shown that comprehensions about health pitfalls impact cigarette smoking among youths( Aryal, Petzold & Krettek, 2013; Mantler, 2013). farther studies have also shown that each day, further than 3,200 people under 18 bomb their first cigarette, and roughly 2,100 youth and youthful grown-ups come diurnal smokers.

likewise, studies have indicated that as at 2012 it was noted that death as a result ofnon-communicable conditions( respiratory tract infection inclusive), reckoned for2.7 million deaths insub-Saharan Africa with the addition of Nigeria as a result of smoking( WHO, 2000- 2012). Also literature has shown that nearly 9 out of 10 lung cancers are caused by smoking and smokers moment are much more likely to develop lung cancer than smokers were in 1964( Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2016). In Nigeria and worldwide smoking causes numerous types of cancer, including cancers of the throat, mouth, nasal depression, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, order, bladder, and cervix, as well as acute myeloid leukemia( Jha, Ramasundarahettige & Landsman, 2013). Also studies still shows that 8 out of 10 COPD( Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) deaths are a result of smoking and presently, there’s no cure for COPD( Madu, Matla, 2014).

In malignancy of the passage of the National Tobacco Control Bill by the National Assembly in Nigeria, a bill aimed at domesticating WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control( FCTC) to forestall the unconceivable disaster associated with smoking numerous youth are still caught in the web of the act, thereby venturing their lives. It’ll thus be of immense benefit to probe patterns of smoking and health threat perception of out- of- academy youths in named motor premises in Oshodi original government area of Lagos state, Nigeria.

Ideal Of The Study

The general ideal for this study is to assess the pattern of smoking among out- of- academy youth and their health threat perception.

The specific objects are to

1. measure the position of smoking frequence among repliers;

2. assess the pattern of smoking among repliers and

3. determine if repliers have a good health threat perception of smoking.

Exploration Questions

1. At what position is the frequence of smoking among repliers?

2. What’s the pattern of smoking among repliers?

3. Do repliers have a good health threat perception of smoking?

Defense For The Study

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and gradationally reduces quality of life( Abdulahi, 2014). Studies revealed the Nigerian population to be more inclined to smoking with maturity of smokers being youths( Ogunmola, Adegboyega, Oluwafemi, 2015) indicating that Nigerian smokers are more likely to be fitted to its health pitfalls. Over4.5 million adult Nigerians are tobacco addicts and about5.4 million deaths do yearly due to smoking compared to 3 million and 1 million deaths caused by AIDS and malaria independently( Global Health Sector Strategy, 2011). The attainability of the navigator contents of the recent cigarette produced in Nigeria may also be another area of concern( Egbe, Petrerson & Mayer- Weitz, 2016). According to an Independent Tobacco Control Activist, Olusegun Owotomo, available statistics show that about 93 million sticks of cigarette are produced and consumed yearly in Nigeria which has led to respiratory infections among 150,000- 300,000 children under the age of 18 months as a result of unresistant smoking.

With the trend of tobacco use seen among youth in Nigeria and studies indicating about half of all lifelong smokers will die precociously, losing on average about 10 times of life( Gholamreza, Mostafa, Mahmoud, Hadi, Masoud & Atena, 2015). It’s anticipated that a huge epidemic of tobacco- related conditions might do and with the long term consequences of smoking on health( Melgosa, 2006). It’s of great significance that its reduction should be topmost interest in public health creation and education as not only the smokers but alsonon-smokers are fitted to these dangerous goods. As there’s neither a safe tobacco product, nor a safe position of tobacco use, the stylish way to help tobacco- related deaths is to avoid using it.