Terrorism And Nigeria’s External Image Under Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration

Terrorism And Nigeria’s External Image Under Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration

Chapter One

Preface

Background to the study

According to Adebajo,( 2014) the administration ofex-President Goodluck Jonathan can at present be described as underperforming, and evaluation of its performance shows in quite a lot of sectors. This also could be described as unfortunate for a government which came to power on the reverse of popular aid, also had lower public goodwill in its early times( Adebajo, 2014). In the same tone, Chinwokwu,( 2013) asserted that Nigeria has clearly been brazened with internal security diseases corresponding to acts of terrorism which has extensively affected its foreign relations content in the once government. Grounded on Adebajo statement in 2014, Alabi, had formerly brought to light in 2012 by saying that the influence of domestic events on the foreign policy of a country can not be over emphasized; this is on the ground that inner traits can steadily convert into diseases of worldwide enterprises. Again, Chinwokwu editorialized that terrorism clearly has bloodied Nigeria’s image there by undermining its impact in the transnational scene( Chinwokwu, 2013).

To support Chinwokwu statement, Tsokwa in 2012 maintained that the emergence of terrorism in Nigeria owing to the upward thrust of Islamic fundamentalism in Northern Nigeria has astronomically undermined the nation’s foreign content power. Boko Haram pursuits in Nigeria have led to terrible responses from pots and transnational positions have been littered with its events, thereby leads to deterioration of transnational relations( Tsokwa, 2012). In addition, terrorist acts in Nigeria using Boko Haram and others according to Madu,( 2014) generated a lot of interest of the world community raising questions about effective approach on how administration could attack the issue, which envisages that the audacity persisted no lifelessly trouble among the trouble group as this allow daily victim, and expanded an intimidating rate after each assault to utmost people in which they lose confidence. Madu, further stated that the attacks on the United Nation’s structure at Abuja in 2011 redounded in overdue stress on the world group and Nigeria wanting to end the insurrection that began as a problem( domestic violence) which appearance showed more during Goodluck Jonathan government. The foregoing has grown to be necessary because of internationalization of the conflict, Boko Haram was instructed in a takfiri in 2009( Madu( 2014) and it’s linked following the transnational terrorist Al- Qaeda businesses in Islamic Maghreb( AQIM).

To exfoliate further light, Alabi,( 2012) editorialized that terrorism isn’t only a Nigerian debit; it’s a world handicap. Neither is it a solely Islamic extremity. Crazies are to be set up in all persuasions. The pivotal study is that, the adding salience of Islamist terror could also be defined by the special gests of Arab- Muslim societies and how faith has customarily been stationed as a armament of political struggle. Globalisation and the applied lores related to the growing internationalization, eased the eventuality of terror groups to mobilise community and put into affecting their systems throughout countries and communities( Alabi, 2012). Curiously enough, Tomis,( 2011) maintained that no bone has ever been known to describe himself or herself as a terrorist. Terrorism might presumably indeed be a term of abuse( Tomis, 2011). similarly, Bamgbose,( 2013) brought to light that a star challenge in seeking completely grasp terrorism is the fact that views range, depending on where the country stands on a certain trouble. For illustration, both Ronald Reagan in America and top Minister Margaret Thatcher in Britain brushed away the locked Nelson Mandela and his associates as “ terrorists ”. To their retain persons and to utmost Africans, still, they were ‘ freedom combatants ’; icons of an ancient scuffle for emancipation against Intolerance and ethnical demotion( Bamgbose, 2013).

More so, the African Union( AU) conference on Prevention and Combating Terrorism(A.U.C.P.C, 2012) defines terrorism as “ any act which is a violation of the felonious law that can jeopardize the actuality, fleshly integrity or freedom of, or explanation critical injury or loss of life, factors may motive detriment to public or exclusive property, natural coffers, environmental or artistic heritage and is calculated or intended to blackjack, put in fear, force or induce government image and produce public exigency; or produce general revolution in a State(A.U.C.P.C.( 2012).

still, Madu( 2014) argued that in an period of terror in the face of terrorism, the Nigerian state is structured as an area of security for the population. The Presidency, lawgivers and security agencies openly condemns terrorist attacks as illegitimate action used bynon-state actors. Accordingly, the Nigerian government, the National Assembly( NASS) shouldered a enactment to criminalize terrorism through the Act( Establishment) profitable and fiscal Crimes Commission in 2002( Madu, 2014). On the other hand, the incipient nature of the vittles to fight against terrorism led to the disquisition of a further comprehensive legal frame, and in turn to the donation of terrorism forestallment Bill to the Senate in 2006( Oghogho,( 2011). Five times latterly, the 2011 Terrorism Prevention Act was passed by the Senate and the House on June 1, 2011 and June 2, 2011, he was transferred by the Clerk of the National Assembly to the President Goodluck Jonathan to subscribe the law.

As a result of the inflexibility of insurrection in Nigeria most especially during Goodluck Jonathan governance happens not to be new, in that Olalekan,( 2012) argued that terrorism took a different confines since 2009 when internal terrorism in Nigeria moved from ethnical bellicosity to self-murder bombing, a situation that has claimed over 3,000 lives, led to the protestation of state of exigency in five northern countries, and the sack of the Defence Minister, Police Chief and National Security Adviser( Olalekan, 2012). According to the United States Department’s Global Report on Terrorism, Nigeria ranked 2nd with 593 deaths in 2011 from terrorist killings on the African mainland, alternate to only the failed state of Somalia. On the global position, Nigeria was placed 5th in the ranking of casualties( Country Report on Terrorism, 2010).

Nigeria is no foreigner to terrorism, having endured the conditioning of the revolutionist side Maitatsine movement that came violent in the early 1980s under the first democratically tagged mercenary government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. Yan Tatsine( followers of Maitatsine) was actually aquasi-Muslim borderline group who sermonized Islamic doctrines that were contrary to the training of the Islamic leadership and orthodox society. Muhammadu Marwa Maitatsine, the leader of the side, was a Muslim scholar Marwa megacity in northern Cameroon who migrated to Kano in Nigeria( Danjibo, 2000). The testament of Maitatsine side appealed to poverty- stricken youthful people seeking the occasion to defy the conservative governments of domination and traditional Islamic state. Directive by the Federal Government to the police force to crush the movement, which had large cult of jobless youthful people, has led to clashes with the police in Kano. Encouraged by the ‘ defeat ’ of the police, the side marched in Kano megacity chanting “ Yau zamu sha jinni ”, meaning “ moment we shall drink blood ” in Hausa.

Historically, Bamgbose,( 2013) maintained that no terrorist group has ever been created in a vacuum; there are political dynamics, surrounds, social, profitable, temporal, spatial, and indeed religious which must be taken into account. therefore, a considerable quantum of emphasis on the identification of the range of environmental conditions and grievances of members of the original population eased the possibilities of domestic terrorism in Nigeria to gather support and orchestrate acts of political violence. also, Alabi,( 2012) editorialized that Nigeria’s government has plodded to effectively deal with these complaints and sources of pressure across the country, and there’s a wide belief especially among Nigerians North that the government continues to meet the critical needs those who aspire to a better future. Although Tomis,( 2011) asserted that coffers are clearly limited, it’s the inequitable distribution of coffers, and extensively honored situations of corruption of elites, which undermine the effectiveness of the government. In turn, favoritism and corruption feeds a general perception that government officers( to include the operation of the law) can not be trusted, and this farther undermines the government’s capability to impact the geste of members of original communities in positive directions, down from the appeal of the radical revolutionist testaments similar as Boko Haram( Tomis, 2011).

On the other hand, as stated by Oghogho,( 2011) Nigeria, a crucial strategic supporter of theU.S., has come under attack by a radical Islamic side known as Boko Haram( a Hausa term for “ Western education is interdicted ”). Oghogho, maintained that it officially calls itself “ Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad ” which means “ people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s training and jihad. ” As its name suggests, the group is adamantly opposed to what it sees as a Western- grounded irruption that threatens traditional values, beliefs, and customs among Muslim communities in northern Nigeria( Oghogh, 2011). also, Laolu,( 2013) editorialized that in an audiotape posted on the Internet in January 2012, a spokesperson for the group, Abubakar Shekau, indeed indicted theU.S. of waging war on Islam, the group is largely a product of wide socioeconomic and religious precariousness, and its testament resonates among certain communities because of both literal narratives and ultramodern grievances( Members of Boko Haram are drawn primarily from the Kanuri lineage roughly 4 percent of the population), who are concentrated in the northeastern countries of Nigeria like Bauchi and Borno, and the Hausa and Fulani( 29 percent of the population) spread more generally throughout utmost of the northern countries. Balogun,( 2014) bared that since 2009, the group has attacked police stations and details, politicians( including vill chiefs and a member of congress), religious leaders( both Christian and Muslim), and individualities whom they suppose to be engaged inun-Islamic conditioning, like drinking beer. Boko Haram has also carried out several mass casualty attacks and is the first militant group in Nigeria to embrace the use of self-murder bombings( Balogun, 2014).

Hence, the study realize terrorism to mean all kinds of violent stir by covert andsemi-clandestine actors aimed at attaining felonious, army, religious, political or different objects, with similar movements always directed at superintendent andnon-combatant populations with the deliberate ideal of spreading solicitude, anxiety and terror.

Statement of the problem

still, Muyiwa,( 2013) editorialized that Boko Haram expanded its terrorist attacks in Nigeria to include transnational targets, similar as the United Nations( UN) structure in Abuja in August 2011. The group also made significant hops in its functional capability, and there are suggestions that members of the group have entered munitions and training in lemon- timber and other terrorist tactics from al- Qaeda cells in the north and/ or east of the mainland( Muyiwa, 2013). According to the United States Department’s Global Report on Terrorism, Nigeria ranked 2nd with 593 deaths in 2011 from terrorist killings on the African mainland, alternate to only the failed state of Somalia. On the global position, Nigeria was placed 5th in the ranking of casualties( Country Report on Terrorism, 2010). Domestic terrorism has a long history in Nigeria. Both south and north of the country have endured acts of terrorism. Some groups that pose the topmost security challenge in Nigeria include Niger Delta punishers, Militant, Boko Haram and others. These groups have espoused strategies that included wildfire, hijacking , extrajudicial killings, sacking, illegal detention, discoveries, and at worst, a self-murder bombing. Although some of these groups admit substantial support from the original population, the fact is that occasionally their tactics of terrorism and poses a particular challenge for the Nigerian service. Since the return to mercenary rule, Nigeria has been agonized with a series of violent agitations of colorful geo- political zones of the country. These violent agitations that took terrorist confines contributed to the trouble of public security which is able of disintegrating the country. Terrorist attacks have led to the payoff of hundreds of people and the flirter destruction of property worth billions of naira by bombing.

The strategic recrimination of these acts of terrorism on the public security of Nigeria is the thrust of this study, while the literature pullulate on the terrorism” the terms” public security and further exploration is demanded to interpret the link between terrorism and public security in Nigeria. Outright battle with police and military officers, violent attacks against the population, trashing a channel bombing of the installation of the oil painting, the fortified resistance against the agents of the Nigerian state and international oil painting companies operating in the region, hijackings and hostage taking have serious strategic counteraccusations for Nigeria in the transnational community. Since the conditioning of these terrorist groups, particularly since 1999, haven’t only been a major trouble to the security of the nation, but also make the country one of the most dangerous places to live in the world. The conditioning of this side are suitable to disintegrate the country. therefore, the need to find a continuing result to the grievance of these groups is consummate.

likewise, Ajibola,( 2014) asserted that helping Nigeria defy this complex, multifaceted terrorist trouble is in the interests of theU.S. and the transnational community. In early 2012, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of exigency in four countries — Yobe, Borno, Plateau, and Niger — in musicale with the deployment of fortified forces, the temporary ending of transnational borders in the northern regions, and the establishment of a special counterterrorism force( Ajibola, 2014). In addition, Balogun,( 2014) editorialized that the below was done should in case the country’s rearmost sweats to defy and master Boko Haram fail, in that the terrorist violence could worsen, undermining an formerly fragile governance and conceivably discovering over into neighboring countries. As the region’s largest oil painting supplier, the global profitable impact of a dragged crusade of terrorism could be severe. The mortal risk of the terrorist violence is also reaching veritably worrisome situations; several hundred Nigerians were killed or injured in Boko Haram attacks in just the first two months of 2012( Balogun, 2014).

Ideal Of The Study

The general ideal of this study is to examine terrorism and Nigeria’s external image under Goodluck Jonathan’s administration.

The specific objects are

To determine the factors that told terrorism during Goodluck Jonathan’s administration.

To determine goods of terrorism on Nigeria’s foreign relations under President Goodluck Jonathan administration.

To describe the nature and dynamics in Nigeria’s image extremity under President Goodluck Jonathan administration

To find out if there were challenges in enforcing programs against terrorism under Goodluck Jonathan’s administration.

Exploration Questions

What factors told terrorism in Nigeria during Goodluck Jonathan’s administration?

Did terrorism affect Nigeria’s foreign relations under President Goodluck Jonathan administration?

What was the nature and dynamics in Nigeria’s image extremity under President Goodluck Jonathan administration?

What were the challenges in enforcing programs against terrorism under Goodluck Jonathan’s administration?

Significance of the study

The problem of terrorism and its counteraccusations for public security in Nigeria is at the heart of this exploration. It analyzes the counteraccusations of terrorism for Nigeria in the transnational community. It’s on this base that this study is important for some reason. First, the study is of consummate significance for policy makers and citizens for it traces the literal development of domestic terrorism in Nigeria, fastening on how corruption, ethno- political control of coffers, poor governance, poverty, beatings and blows against etc have all added to the rise of terrorism in Nigeria. Second, the significance of Nigeria as a global energy source inescapably led to a strong transnational presence in the country; especially the US, China and Great Britain that depend on Nigeria for important of their oil painting significances have important political and profitable presence. It’s no coexistence that these countries in particular have played a crucial part in the fight against terrorism programs in Nigeria and in the training of their service for specific functions of the fight against terrorism. therefore, the transnational stakeholder participation in terrorism in Nigeria becomes critical for this study because it has raised further questions about thatcounter-terrorism programs are acclimated to, for what purpose. In substance, the exploration will provoke further questions about domestic terrorism in Nigeria. Third, this exploration will help to give information on the terrorism in Nigeria, and what it holds for other countries facing the challenges of terrorism. With absolutions and fruitful dialogue that took place in the Niger Delta with the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta( MEND) and the recent advertisement of ceasefire by the terrorist group Boko Haram, it means that domestic terrorism could be won by the government through peaceful means dialogue. Fourth, it’s useful to experimenters’ particular political chroniclers, pontifical scientists, economists and transnational relations professionals who conduct exploration in affiliated fields. Eventually, the political class will learn through this study, the need for them to be nationalistic and it is hoped that this study will contribute to the unborn work on resolving Nigerian conflict by putting forth a new perspective grounded on using a holistic perspective

Compass/ Limitations of the study

This study is on terrorism and Nigeria’s external image under Goodluck Jonathan’s administration

Limitations of the Study

In the product of such a work like this, the problem of the experimenter isn’t the failure of accoutrements , but its vacuity including some bias in their donation. This exploration is contemporary and politically sensitive. The experimenter is therefore faced with the problem of interpreting the conduct of terrorist groups andanti-terrorist approach of the Nigerian government that some of the programs accepted are still an ongoing process. Eventually, there’s the question of time and plutocrat that could be a hedge to this exploration. nonetheless, these limiting factors were significantly managed to make the study more objective in its donation.

Description Of Terms

Administration Is Goodluck Jonathan’s superintendences of public affairs; government parcels, supervision of systems and association of persons during his term..

Terrorism Is the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political points as well as illegal use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or force a government as well as the population civil, or part thereof, in headway of political or social objects.

External image is other people’s view of a particular thing, it could be is an circumstance like terrorism that depicts visual perception.