A REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF SMOKING LEVEL OF EXERCISE AND WEIGHT ON MEDICAL COST
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
The number of people in various health establishments who are ill has increased geometrically over time. The majority of these illnesses may be caused by unhealthy lifestyles and habits. Smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, and poor dietary habits are just a few examples of unhealthy lifestyles and habits. Much has been said about smoking and lack of exercise in Nigeria, in particular. Smokers, as they say, are prone to dying young. Despite the fact that much publicity has been given to this effect, most smokers have dismissed it as a mere jingle, rather than considering it as a call to change their lifestyles and bad habits.
a scarcity of
Exercise “as lethal as smoking” is now killing as many people in Nigeria and around the world as smoking. This has also contributed to Nigeria’s unprecedented rise in illness.
Strong evidence suggests that a lack of exercise, which leads to physical inactivity, increases the risk of a variety of serious health problems, including:
Death (from any cause), coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, metabolic syndrome (including obesity and abnormal blood cholesterol levels), breast and colon cancer, depression, and so on.
It was estimated that physical inactivity, caused by a lack of exercise, was responsible for more than 5.3 million of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2008, of which Nigeria was not excluded. According to the researchers, this is equivalent to the 5 million deaths attributed to smoking.
in 2000 (Kingsley 2012: 42). (Kingsley 2012: 42).
It is widely assumed that regular exercise aids in
reduces your chances of becoming ill controls your weight improves your mental health and mood improves your ability to do daily activities
Increase your chances of staying longer, for example.
There may also be a link between a person’s weight and their proclivity to become ill. This study contributes to the investigation of the unique relationship between the various parameters mentioned earlier in this study.
1.2. Aims and objectives of the study
The study’s objectives are as follows:
To find out if there is a link between smokers and their weight.
To investigate the impact of smoking and a lack of exercise on patients’ health conditions.
To understand the nature of the relationship between smoking, weight, and level of exercise on patient medical costs.
To investigate the relationship between patient weight and health-care costs.
1.3. Significance of the study
The significance of this study is that it seeks to reveal the impact of smoking, level of exercise, and weight on the medical costs of Nigerian patients. With the intention of advising Nigerians in general based on the statistical findings of the study.
This study also aims to investigate the relationship between patients’ weight and their medical costs, smokers and their medical costs, and patients’ level of exercise and their corresponding medical costs. Based on the study’s findings, all of these would be useful in advising smokers and people who do not exercise.
1.4. Scope of the study
The scope of this study is focused on the impact of smoking and lack of exercise on patient weight and health care costs, with the federal medical center Owerri in Imo state serving as a case study.
1.5. Limitation of the study
Time limitation
The main limitation of the study is the time constraint; the researcher was hampered by time because there was insufficient time to cover all patients in the hospital.
monetary constraint
Another limitation of this study is a lack of adequate funds to print enough questionnaires for the patients and equally interview the health practitioners.
1.6. Research Issues
1. Is smoking harmful to one’s health?
2. Is there a connection between smoking and poor health?
3. Is there a link between a lack of physical activity and poor health?
4. Do you believe that smoking and a lack of regular exercise have a negative impact on weight and health?
5. Make suggestions for getting smokers to quit smoking.
1.7. Research Hypotheses
1st Hypothesis
H0: There is no link between smoking and patient medical costs.
H0: There is a link between smoking and patient medical costs.
2nd Hypothesis
H0: There is no link between a lack of regular exercise and a patient’s medical costs.
H0: There is a link between a lack of regular exercise and a patient’s medical costs.
3rd Hypothesis
H0: There is no link between smoking, lack of regular exercise, and patient medical costs.
H0: There is a link between smoking, lack of regular exercise, and patient medical costs.
1.8. Definition of Terms
Smoking: the act or practice of smoking cigarettes.
Exercise: a physical or mental activity performed to maintain or improve one’s health or strength. It can also refer to a set of movements or activities that you engage in to stay healthy.
Weight: how heavy someone or something is, expressed in kilograms or pounds.
Medical: pertaining to illness and injury, as well as their treatment.
REFERENCE
Anger and psychobiological changes during smoking abstinence and in response to acute stress: prediction of smoking relapse. al’Absi M, Carr SB, Bongard S. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2007;66(2):109-115.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2014, American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, 2014.
Lung Association of America. Concerning COPD. On February 11, 2014, I went to www.lung.org/lung-disease/copd/about-copd/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment.html.
Infantile colic, maternal smoking, and infant feeding at 5 weeks of age, Canivet CA, Ostergren PO, Jakobsson IL, et al. Scand J Public Health, 36(3), 284-291, 2008.
J. Cantrell, D. Vallone, J. F. Thrasher, et al. The effect of tobacco-related health warning labels on socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic groups: findings from a randomized web-based experiment. Epub 2013 Jan 14. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52206.
Cardinale A, Nastrucci C, Cesario A, Russo P. Nicotine: Specific role in angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis.
Crit
Anger and psychobiological changes during smoking abstinence and in response to acute stress: prediction of smoking relapse. al’Absi M, Carr SB, Bongard S. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2007;66(2):109-115.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2014, American Cancer Society. Rev Toxicol. 2012;42(1):68-89. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2014.
Pate RR, Pratt MP, Blair SN, and others. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine have issued a recommendation regarding physical activity and public health. JAMA,. 1995; 273: 402–407.
American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 6th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000.
GF Fletcher, GJ Balady, EA Amsterdam, et al. The American Heart Association’s exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals. Circulation, 104: 1694-1740, 2001.
The American People
Surgeon General’s Office, Health Service. The Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services; 1996.
The association of changes in physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality in men, Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, et al. N Engl J Med 328: 538-545, 1993.
Exercise capacity and mortality in men referred for exercise testing, Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 346: 793-801.
Leave a Comment