ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

ABSTRACT

The antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. extract and fractions were investigated in this work. The crude extract (PVE) of dried pulverized plant material was obtained by maceration in methylene chloride/methanol (1:1), and the solvent fractions were obtained by successive solvent-solvent partitioning in a separating funnel between the crude extract suspended in aqueous medium and solvents of increasing polarity to obtain the n-hexane fraction (PVHF), ethylacetate fraction (PVEF), and butanol fraction (PVBF).The extracts and fractions’ antihyperlipidemic properties were studied in acute, subacute, and chronic settings. Treatment with (PVE) caused significant reductions (P0.05) in the lipid profile parameters in all three models, with the maximum significance found in the sub acute trial, where total cholesterol was reduced by 38.44%. In the acute research model, triglyceride levels were reduced by 18.18% (P0.05).Similarly, in the acute antihyperlipidemia model, very low density lipoprotein (VLDLC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were reduced by 18.18% and 48.73%, respectively. In contrast, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels increased by 20.85% in the acute period (P0.05).The lipid profile increased significantly (P0.05) in all experimental protocols including the various fractions. PVEF (400 mg/kg) produced the greatest reduction in total cholesterol levels in the acute research, with a percentage decrease of 22.10% when compared to the control treatment. Triglyceride levels were lowered by 21.59% and 15.91%, respectively, in the acute study at PVHF (200 mg/kg) and PVEF (200 mg/kg).The subacute regimen resulted in a 17.28% percentage decrease at PVBF 200 mg/kg. VLDL-C levels in the fraction study decreased significantly (P0.05) at PVHF 200 mg/kg and PVEF 200 mg/kg with percentage decreases of 21.59% and 15.91% during the acute protocol, respectively. The sub-acute protocol indicated a significant drop at PVBF 200 mg/kg with a percentage decrease of 17.28. During the acute protocol, LDL-C levels decreased significantly (P0.05) at PVHF 100 mg/kg, PVEF100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, with percentage decreases of 47.19%, 41.62%, and 53.39%, respectively. Finally, a significant decrease was seen in the chronic protocol with PVHF 200mg/kg, PVEF 100 mg/kg, and PVBF 200 mg/kg, with percentage decreases of 26.03%, 24.82%, and 20.05%, respectively. HDL-C levels in the extract research increased significantly (P0.05) at PVHF 100 mg/kg, PVEF 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, with percentage increases of 30.44%, 28.88%, and 30.86%, respectively. In the research of the extract and fractions for the in vitro antioxidant activities study, DPPH reduction and nitric oxide scavenging assays were utilized, and the antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions were further investigated in vivo in rats.

Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation activities were assessed in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride with or without the extract and fractions studied. The maximum DPPH decrease percentage was 80.61% with PVEF and PVBF fractions at 400 mg/kg. The maximum nitric oxide decrease percentage was 75.86% with PVHF at 200 mg/kg. The in vitro analysis revealed that the PVHF and PVEF had scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid, with a significant increase (P0.05). In-vivo antioxidant assays revealed that lipid peroxidation levels estimated by thiobarbituric acid reaction showed no significant (P>0.05) increase or decrease in serum MDA of both the treated and untreated groups, whereas catalase activity estimation revealed a significant (P0.05) increase with PVE 100 mg/kg of 71.05%, and glutathione peroxidise activity revealed the most significant percentage (P0.05) increase with PVBF 100 mg/kg of 76.19%.The study’s findings revealed that the extracts and fractions of Phaseolus vulgaris xiv xiv have anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties, with the PVEF demonstrating greater and more consistent effects across all protocols tested.

INTRODUCTION IN CHAPTER ONE

A large body of scientific evidence suggests that in situations of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced and a homeostatic environment between anti-oxidant and oxidation is formed, which is a well-known concept for maintaining a healthy biological system (Davies, 2000). ROS such as superoxide anions (O2 – ), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl radical (OH-) contribute in the inactivation of enzymes, resulting in damage to essential cellular components and complications such as coronary heart disease (Gessin et al., 1990).

Coronary artery disease, such as stroke and atherosclerosis, is a primary cause of death in the majority of the world’s countries (Davey, 1993).Hyperlipidemia, or abnormalities of lipid metabolism, is one of the most important risk factors in the severity and prevalence of coronary heart disease (Grundy, 1986). According to World Health Organization data, hyperlipidemia causes roughly 56% of coronary heart illnesses, resulting in approximately 4.4 million deaths worldwide each year (World Health Organization, 2002).

Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism that manifests as an increase in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration (Adam, 2005).

Man has always sought inspiration and assistance from his immediate natural environment in order to combat and control ill states; these guidance’s have been employed for ages as cures for human ailments since they include therapeutic components (Nostro et al., 2000). The use of medicinal plants in disease management is widespread throughout the world (Aliyu et al., 2007). Herbal medicine, the study and application of plant therapeutic characteristics, is a branch of modern medicine (World Health Organization, 2008).Traditional medicine is widely acknowledged as the most viable way for finding novel medicinal plant species (Farnsworth, 1966; Ajanahoun et al., 1991).

Many countries use medicinal plants for their antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties, lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. Statins, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are the most modern lipid-lowering medications. They have been proven to minimize coronary events and mortality while also decreasing total and LDL-cholesterol. They have little negative effects and are currently commonly used as first-line medications (Neal, 2002). Ascorbic acid and tocopherols are also popular anti-oxidants. In recent years, antioxidants derived from natural sources, primarily plants, have been extensively employed to prevent oxidative damage since they are easier to obtain, less expensive, and have minor or negligible effects (Onay-ucar et al., 2006). Although the risk of statin side effects is low, one rare side effect known as rhabdomyolysis can be fatal (Miller, 2001). Statins and fibrates are both used to treat high cholesterol, particularly in combination; cerivastatin (Baycol) was removed in 2001 due to several reports of rhabdomyolysis (Armitage, 2007). As a result, there is an urgent need to investigate natural products with minimal or no lipid-lowering adverse effects.

Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae family) is a medicinal plant whose leaves, bark, roots, and seeds are used. Known colloquially as kidney bean, several portions of the plant have traditionally been used to treat diabetes mellitus (Chopra et al., 1958).

Previous research has shown that the aqueous extract has hypolipidemic properties (Roman- Ramos et al., 1995), as well as anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties (Jorgeet al., 2013). The current study seeks to find the most active fractions of Phaseolus vulgaris L. fruit in terms of anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties.