ECOFRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF METFORMIN LOADED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING NATURAL POLYMERS AND SYNTHESISED STARCH AS STABILIZING AGENTS

ECOFRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF METFORMIN LOADED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING NATURAL POLYMERS AND SYNTHESISED STARCH AS STABILIZING AGENTS

ABSTRACT

Metformin-loaded silver nanoparticles were produced in an environmentally friendly manner employing Azadiractha indica extract as a reducing agent and two natural polymers, guar gum and xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and a semi- synthetic polymer (AMS) as stabilizing agents.

Nanoparticles were produced in twelve batches. Nanocomposites made from AMS were labeled as AMS 1% NANOmet, AMS 3% NANOmet, and AMS 5% NANOmet. Guar gum nanoparticles were labeled as GG1% NANOmet, GG3% NANOmet, and GG5% NANOmet, whereas Xanthan gum nanocomposites were labeled as XG1% NANOmet, XG3% NANOmet, and XG5% NANOmet. NaALG1% NANOmet, NaALG3% NANOmet, and NaALG5% NANOmet were the names given to sodium alginate stabilized nanocomposites. The percentage yield of nanocomposites was high, ranging between 80% and 99.87%. The samples’ entrapment efficiency ranged from 63.06% to 80.22%, while their loading capacities ranged from 7.24% to 24.10%. The polymers and metformin had no interaction, according to differential scanning calorimetry. The metformin nanocomposites were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polydispersity. The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that all of the nanocomposites had a surface plasmon resonance of 371nm, except for XG5%NANOmet, which had an SPR of 335nm. The mean particle size of GG1%NANOmet was 188.7nm, followed by AMS1%NANOmet (386.7 nm). All batches demonstrated an extended and sustained release profile with an initial burst effect during the first 30 minutes of release studies. Metformin release was significantly higher in SIF than in SGF. The rates of release for all nanocomposites were mostly zero order, with the exception of NaALG5% NANOmet, which released the medication using Higuchi kinetics.

The improved nanocomposites had comparable antimicrobial properties (P>0.05). The MIC values of the samples against the microorganisms tested varied from 2500-5000g/ml in general.

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The optimal batch for in vivo antihyperglycemic properties of the optimized metformin nanocomposite utilizing the glucose hyperload model was GG5%NANOmet. When compared to metformin and other nanocomposites treated groups, it produced a sustained and consistent significant (p0.001) decrease in elevated blood glucose levels in glucose loaded hyperglycemic rats at equal doses.

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INTRODUCTION IN CHAPTER ONE

There has been a surge in interest in the development of new medication delivery methods based on nanoparticles in recent years [1]. The move from microparticles to nanoparticles has resulted in a number of changes in material physical characteristics [2]. The increase in the surface area to volume ratio, as well as the size of the particle going into the domain where quantum effects predominate, are two important reasons in this. The increase in the surface-area-to-volume ratio, which occurs gradually as the particle gets smaller, leads to an increasing dominance of the behavior of atoms on the particle’s surface over those in the particle’s interior. This influences both the particle’s properties in isolation and its interaction with other materials. [2]

In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the field of nanotechnology, with several technologies developed to produce nanoparticles with precise morphology and distribution characteristics [3]. Although there are several methods for producing nanoparticles, they are prohibitively expensive and involve the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals that endanger humans and the environment [4]. To address these issues, eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis employing environmentally friendly resources such as plants [5, microorganisms [4,5], seaweed [6, and enzymes [7] was used.

It is a single step with various advantages such as time savings, cost effectiveness, and nontoxicity.

Nanocrystalline silver is a well-known Noble metal with numerous uses in detection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and antimicrobial activities [8].

In general, nanoparticles outperform conventional drug delivery in terms of high stability, high specificity, high drug carrying capacity, controlled release, the ability to use in different routes of administration, and the ability to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules.