CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR POOR SANITARY CONDITION IN CERTAIN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Sanitation is the sanitary method of maintaining health by avoiding human contact with waste hazards and properly treating and disposing of sewage or waste water. Inadequate sanitation creates risks from pathogens that can be physical, microbiological, biological, or chemical. Human and animal excreta, solid waste, household waste water (sewage or greywater), industrial waste, and agricultural waste are all examples of waste that can be hazardous to one’s health. The majority of African cities are congested due to their urban appeal (Strauss 2000). Inadequately regulated urban expansion leads to ineffective management of cities’ solid and liquid waste. As a result, a slew of sanitary issues arise. Sanitation in these cities is primarily controlled by self-purification operations. They frequently restrict waste-water runoff into residential streets, resulting in pungent odors.
aromas (Strauss 2000). (Strauss 2000).
According to the World Health Organization (2012), sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Sanitation also includes the maintenance of sanitary conditions, such as garbage collection and waste-water disposal. Poor sanitation, long associated with Africans, is harmful to the health of those who live in close proximity to the environment. Inadequate sanitation in schools poses a significant health risk to students. Many schools, particularly those in rural areas, lacked latrines entirely, and those that did had latrines lacked separate facilities for male and female students. The worst aspect of the female student experience was identified as a lack of toilets, particularly separate toilets for girls. This exemplifies
Poor sanitation is one of the unique conditions preventing female students from reaching their full academic potential and, in some cases, forcing them to drop out (WHO 2012).
According to Akpan (2019), the student-to-toilet facility ratio has decreased as a result of the recent implementation of the universal primary education policy, which discourages female students from missing class. According to the most recent morbidity data, diarrhea, worm infection, eye and skin disease accounted for 25.5% of all outpatient visits to health centers, with malaria (another disease associated with poor sanitation) accounting for the remaining 35.5%. (In other words, poor sanitation accounts for 59 percent of all outpatient visits). The country continues to have one of Africa’s highest rates of nutritional stunting.
This is due in part to the high prevalence of diarrhea caused by poor sanitation.
In recent years, the rate of inadequate sanitation in secondary schools in local government areas has increased due to a number of factors impeding adequate sanitation service within the school location. Poor sanitation allows for the spread of a variety of infections in the majority of secondary schools in the local government region; there is an abundance of garbage and excrement for flies to nest on, as well as dangerous water to drink, wash with, or swim in. Disease ranks second in terms of public health importance to malaria among human parasites in tropical and subtropical areas (Akpan, 2019).
1.2 THE PROBLEM’S STATEMENT
Secondary school sanitary conditions are deplorable.
Local government has increased the risk to students’ health. Despite increased awareness of the dangers of poor sanitation in schools, the problem persists. There have only been a few studies to determine the scope of the problem in schools. As a result, the goal of this research is to address the threat of environmental contamination. Investment in environmental safety is a critical issue that must be addressed immediately in order to prevent illness transmission among schoolchildren. As a result, it is reasonable and acceptable to ensure that all sanitation facilities in schools are used to alleviate poor sanitary conditions in schools in the Awka South local government area (Adeoye, 2011).
As a result, the study’s central question is: What factors contribute to inadequate sanitation in schools? Is it
Is it true that poor sanitation in schools contributes to student infection? What are the risks associated with poor sanitation in schools? The study looks into the poor sanitary conditions in secondary schools in Cross River State’s Odukpani LGA.
1.3 THE STUDY’S OBJECTIVES
The overarching goal of this study is to investigate the causes, consequences, and corrective measures for poor sanitary conditions in specific secondary schools. Other specific study objectives include:
i. To investigate the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools.
ii. To determine whether poor sanitation contributes to the spread of infection among secondary school students.
iii. Investigate the root causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.
iv. To propose solutions to the causes of poor secondary school sanitation.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study will provide answers to the following questions:
i. To what extent is there poor sanitation in secondary schools?
ii. Does poor sanitation contribute to the spread of infection among secondary school students?
iii. What are the causes of poor secondary school sanitation?
iv. What are the solutions to the causes of poor secondary school sanitation?
1.5 THE STUDY’S IMPORTANCE
This study will be extremely beneficial to the education sector because the findings will reveal the causes and effects of poor sanitary conditions in our schools, as well as how they affect academic performance, allowing policymakers to devise effective policies to combat this cancer in our schools.
Students will benefit from this research as well.
The findings of this study will also highlight the significance of a sanitary environment in our schools. The study will also reveal preventive measures, demonstrating to students methods and methods for keeping their environment clean.
Finally, this will serve as a repository for scholars’ research materials or empirical data on the causes, effects, and corrective measures for poor sanitary conditions in specific secondary schools.
1.6 STUDY OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes, consequences, and corrective measures for poor sanitary conditions in certain secondary schools. This study specifically focuses on examining the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools, determining whether poor sanitation leads to the spread of infection among secondary school students, and investigating the causes.
of poor sanitation in secondary schools and proposing solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.
Teachers and students from selected secondary schools in Odukpani, Cross River State, will be enrolled in this study’s survey.
1.7 THE STUDY’S LIMITATIONS
This research will focus on the causes, consequences, and corrective measures for poor sanitary conditions in specific secondary schools. This study is further limited to investigating the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools, determining whether poor sanitation contributes to the spread of infection among secondary school students, investigating the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools, and proposing solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.
Teachers and students from a number of secondary schools in
The survey will be conducted in Odukpani, Cross River State, so the sample size was limited because only a few respondents were chosen to answer the research instrument; thus, the results cannot be generalized to other secondary schools outside the state.
1.8 TERM DEFINITION
A person or thing that causes an action, phenomenon, or condition.
Effects: A change that occurs as a result of an action or other cause.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to safe drinking water, as well as the treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
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