Development And Delivery Of Practical Disease Control Programs For Small-scale Shrimp Farmers In Nigeria

Development And Delivery Of Practical Disease Control Programs For Small-scale Shrimp Farmers In Nigeria

Chapter One

Preface

Background To The Study

The world product of ranch shrimp in 1996 was valued at over$ 10 billion. In Nigeria, the bulk of directors are also small growers that operate on average on 15 ha of ponds. Penaeus monodon is the most important tended shrimp species West Africa( Dunlap, 2002). contagious conditions are constantly linked as the major trouble to the long- term viability of the shrimp husbandry assiduity in the west Africasub-region, and intermittent massive outbreaks of viral conditions have caused serious fiscal losses among smallholders( Dunlap, 2002). To address this situation, experimenters have worked towards developing effective ranch- position, shrimp complaint- control programs. This study will produce applicable moxie and information, but because of lack of definitive, on- ranch program attestations and crunches in the delivery of extension programs, smallholders have generally failed to profit in the former practical complaint control programs set up by government.

Shrimp husbandry is a clear illustration of outstanding development in the monoculture assiduity in Nigeria( Lin, 1989). In the last 10 times, shrimp product worldwide has been further than doubled. This rapid-fire development came at a cost and the need for a more sustainable approach to reduce the environmental impact, ameliorate shrimp health and quality came clear to several stakeholders. A Consortium Program involving the World Bank, the World Wildlife Fund( WWF), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations( FAO) was initiated in 1999 and was latterly joined by the United Nations Environment Program( UNEP). Through this program, principles for responsible shrimp husbandry were developed following a process of stakeholder consultations( WB/ FAO/ WWF/ UNEP, 2005). At the same time Better Management Practices to help growers in the perpetration of those principles were also developed and their perpetration by tilling communities promoted. Facing a compelling need to control shrimp conditions similar as White Spot Disease( WSD), which continued to claim a huge share of shrimp crops, and the performing quality problems associated with the use of banned chemicals and antibiotics, the government took a commanding part in the process by taking part in stakeholder consultations and by supporting both directly and laterally the perpetration of stylish operation practice approaches( FAO/ NACA, 2001).

Despite the explosive growth in world product of cultivated shrimp, there have also been stunning, periodic losses due to complaint. A global shrimp check by the Global Aquaculture Alliance( GAA) in 2001 revealed a rough overall loss to complaint of roughly 22 in a single time. Given a total product of 700,000 metric tons in 2001 valued at roughlyUS$ 8 per kg, this restated into an estimate of aboutUS$ 1 billion loss in a single time. This was presumably a conservative estimate, since granges with veritably bad results may not have responded to the check. therefore, a conservative estimate for the total loss to complaint over the once 15 times may be in the order ofUS$ 15 billion( Chen et al, 2005). This illustrates the significance of complaint control to the assiduity.

With respect to complaint agents, the GAA check revealed that 60 of losses were attributed to contagions and about 20 to bacteria. therefore, the maturity of our trouble on complaint control( 80) should easily be concentrated on viral and bacterial pathogens. Indeed, that has been the case as that should be the focus point of practical complaint control programs. The control trouble must emphasize forestallment, and this has needed the development of good individual tools, trained labor force and a better understanding of the hosts and their pathogens.

Statement Of The Problem

Serious viral and bacterial complaint outbreaks revealed that the shrimp assiduity had to be better prepared with further knowledge and practical approaches about shrimp and their pathogens so that complaint forestallment styles could be bettered and effective complaint control measures should be espoused. This need shifted attention to biosecurity, that is, possible styles of cultivating shrimp in defined systems designed to help the entry of implicit pathogens and association pf practical complaint control programs. The assiduity also realized that a good number of complaint outbreaks began from careless transboundary movement of defiled but grossly normal monoculture stocks. further than any other problem, the white spot shrimp contagion epidemic served as a “ wake up ” call that shocked the assiduity into combined conduct. The disastrous losses had serious impacts on whole public husbandry all the affected countries including America. They redounded in raised support for exploration and development/ delivery of practical complaint control programs on shrimp conditions( including epidemiology) and in increased planter mindfulness of the need for biosecurity.

Objects Of The Study

The following are the objects of this study

1. To examine colorful shrimp conditions and how they affect productivity of small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria.

2. To develop and deliver a practical complaint control programs for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria.

3. To identify the effect of practical complaint control programs for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria.

Exploration Questions

1. What are the colorful shrimp conditions and how do they affect productivity of small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria?

2. How can a practical complaint control programs be developed and delivered for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria?

3. What are the goods of practical complaint control programs for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria?

Significance Of The Study

The following are the significance of this study

1. The results from this study will educate on approaches to develop and deliver a practical complaint control program for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria. It’ll also educate on way to increase productivity in shrimp husbandry through effective complaint control measures and forestallment of conditions.

2. This exploration will be a donation to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality particularity on pupil’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for unborn exploration in the subject area.

Compass/ Limitations Of The Study

This study will cover the approaches used in developing and delivering a practical complaint control program for small scale shrimp growers in Nigeria.

Limitation Of Study

Financial constraint-inadequate fund tends to stymie the effectiveness of the experimenter in sourcing for the applicable accoutrements , literature or information and in the process of data collection( internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The experimenter will contemporaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This accordingly will cut down on the time devoted for the exploration work.

References

FAO/ NACA. 2001. Homemade of procedures for the perpetration of the Asia indigenous specialized guidelines of health operation for the responsible movement of live submarine creatures. FAO Fisheries Technical PaperNo. 402, Supplement 1. Rome, FAO. 106p.

Dunlap,P.V. 2002. Quorum seeing and its implicit operation to vibriosis,pp. 59- 71. In Lavilla- Pitogo,C.R, and Cruz- Lacierda,E.R.( eds.). conditions in Asian monoculture IV. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.

Chen,J.-Y., Chuang,H., Pan,C.-Y., Kuo,C.-M. 2005. cDNA sequence garbling an antimicrobial peptide of chelonianin from the barracuda shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 18179- 183.

Lin,C.K. 1989. Shrimp culture in Taiwan, What went wrong? World Monoculture 2019- 20