Domestic Architecture

Domestic Architecture

Abstract

The culture of people determines and shapes the domestic space in their domestic

armature. posterior variations of the idea have concentrated on more precise exposures

of how the spatial arrangements of material culture are culturally patterned. Through a

topological analysis of house plans and patterns, collected from the City of Benin, this study

detects a metamorphosis in the house- type aspired and developed by people during the last

five centuries. A group of 1054 houses, located in four domestic zones in Benin City, Nigeria, has been analysed by means of frequence distribution, Space Syntax orders and factor analysis.

The exploration is determined to find out how the use, association and meaning of space in

Benin have changed and whether or not there are durations over the times across the entire

City. The Space Syntax approach is used to measure the varying degree of change at each

stage of the elaboration. Then, the †žspace- activity†Ÿ commerce is the main idea that enables us to

see what underlies the process. As the old spaces take different names and functions in the

new design, they bring about the recombination of their conditioning, and when this occurs

constantly at each stage, it leaves behind †žtopological paths†Ÿ from which the direction of the

elaboration can be measured. farther examinations reveal that the space- exertion commerce

arises both at each partitioned space and at the collaborative space that’s nearly affiliated. The

analysis of the stations and responses of the residers using factor analysis revealed that both

socio- profitable and socio-artistic factors are responsible for the change and durability in the

domestic space.

Table Of Contents

Title Page———-. ——————————————————.

protestation—————————————————————-. i

instrument————————————————————–. ii

fidelity—————————————————————-. iii

Acknowledgements——————————————————–. iv

Table of Content—————————————- vi

List of Tables—————-. ——————————————. xi

List of numbers——————–. ————————————. xiv

List of Plates—————-. —————————————-. xviii

Abstract——————————–. ——————————–. xix

Chapter 1 Preface

Background to the Study———————————————-.1

Statement of the Problem————————————————.6

exploration Questions————————————.7

Aim and objects of the Study——————————————–.7

compass of the Study——————————————————.8

The environment of the Study————————————————.9

The History and People of Benin City————————– 9

literal Background——————————–.12

Benin and its girding townlets————————–.18

Domestic Zones in Benin City—————————-.20

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

preface———————————————————— 24

Domestic Architecture and Culture—————————————-.24

Social and Cultural Change———————————————-.32

Urbanization and Civic Change——————————————.46

Summary—————————————-.56

CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL AND Abstract frame

preface—————————————- 58

Concept of Culture—————————————————-.58

House Form and Culture——————. —————————-.60

Traditional versus Modern Houses–. —————————-. ——–.63

Bracket of House- types————————————–.66

Organization, Use and Meaning of Space———————————-.68

Household——————————————————.72

Summary—————————————-.75

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

preface———————————————————— 77

The Research Design————————————————–.78

Study Population——————————————————– 79

Sampling Method/ Procedure————————————–.80

Sample Size———————————————————-. 80

Data Collection——————————————————.83 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Design of Questionnaire———————————————-.84

Design of Interview Schedule———————————-.85

Data Collection and Presentation—————————————-.86

CHAPTER 5 SOCIO- ECONOMIC AND Artistic CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE residers IN BENIN

preface———————————————————-.88

Socio-profitable Characteristics of the residers—————————-.89

Household Income————————————————–.90

Occupational Structure————————————————– 92

Age and coitus——————————————————.93

Marital Status and Household Size————————————–.94

Ethnical Composition————————————————–.95

Educational Background of Repliers——————————–.96

term status of repliers——————————.97

Socio- Cultural Characteristics of residers———————————-.98

Religion————————————————————.99

Number of ménage———————————————-.99

Summary—————————————-.100

CHAPTER 6 HOUSES IN BENIN TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

preface———————————————————-.102

Bracket of the Houses and their Characteristics————————.103

Bracket of the Houses——————————————– 103

Core Domestic Zone————————————————.107 vii

Intermediate Residential Zone—————————————-.120

Sub-urban Domestic Zone——————————————.133

Planned Estate Residential Zone—————————————-.141

Characteristics of the Houses——————————————.150

term Composition————————————————.150

. Number of Household in the House————————————– 152

. Length of Times of Stay in the House———————————-.153

. Age of the House—————————————————-.154

. proprietor—————————————-.156

conflation——–. ———————————————- 158

CHAPTER 7 Association, USE AND MEANING OF SPACES IN BENIN

HOUSES

preface——————————————————–.160

Approaches to the Study of Organization, Use and Meaning of Domestic Space—-.161

The Architectural Approach——————————————–.161

Organization and Use of Domestic Space———————————-.162

Meaning of Domestic Space——————————————.162

Socio- Spatial Analysis of Domestic Spaces in Benin———————-.164

Socio- Spatial Analysis of the House- types across the Domestic Zones———-.165

Houses types——————————————————– 166

Analysis and Interpretation of Organization, Use and Meaning of Domestic

Space in Benin——————————————————.166

cuisine and Eating Spaces——————————————.167

Storage Space for Household Goods———————————— 180 viii

Sleeping Arrangement———————————————-.188

Space for Personal Hygiene——————————————.196

Outdoor Spaces( Communal, Private and Public), entering Guest———-.209

Space for Worship and Socializing, observances and Festival—————-.222

Summary and Interpretation——————————————.236

Data on stations and Response of Repliers—————————-.237

Summary———————————————————-.244

conflation—————————————-.245

CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

preface——————————————————–.246

Summaries of Findings———————————————-.247

conflation———————————————————-.249

mixtures of durability and Change————————–.251

Counteraccusations of Findings———————————————-.251

Arising Issues————————————————–.252

Public and Private Spaces——————————————–.252

sequestration————————————————————.253

Training for Original Builders——————————————–.253

Security———————————————————-.253

structure for Culture and Climate—————————————- 254

Conclusions——————————————————–.254

BIBLIOGRAPHY—————————————————-.256

excursus———————————————————-.277 ix

List of Plates

Plate1.1 Drawing Showing soldiers with Spears and Shields, Drummers

and hop, during a form in the Oba Palace——————–.13

Plate1.2Pre-Colonial Drawing of Benin City, Before The British Occupation——–.15

Plate6.1 Private yard( Stew for Women and Children)- Ikun N†™ oderie——–.108

Plate6.2 Private yard-( Stew for Women and Children)- Ikun N†™ oderie——– 109

Plate6.3 Public Courtyard( Entrance Courtyard)( Ikun N†™ odore)——————– 109

Plate6.4 external yard for Sanctuaries and 1dols( Ikun N†™ arhuera)——————.111

Plate6.5 Shows That Externally the slush Walls are Finished in a

Pattern of Vertical caricatures——————————————.112

Double bottom House———————————————-.192

List of numbers

Fig1.1 Chart of the Kingdom of Benin In the nineteenth century——————–.10

Fig1.2 Present Day Nigeria, Showing the Position of Benin City——————–.11

Fig1.3 Repaired Kingdom Benin Flag, now in the British National Maritime Museum. ——————————————–.12

Fig1.4 Chart of Benin and Its girding townlets——————————.19

Fig1.5 Chart Showing Residential Zone in Benin- City—————————-.20

Fig1.6 Plan of Benin- City Showing the Core Area and Intermediate Area————.22

Fig2.1 Culture Changes in Tandem with erected Environment———————— 37

Fig2.2 Tracing the Change Over Time—————————————-.38

Fig3.1 Hierarchy of Spaces, Showing Private,Semi-Private and Collaborative Spaces—-.69

Fig3.2 Summary of Abstract Framework on erected Form and Culture————– 74

Fig4.1 Map Showing Residential Zone in Benin- City—————————-.81

Fig6.1 a bottom Plan of a Palace emulsion Benin House————————– 113

Fig6.2 b bottom Plan of a Palace emulsion Benin House————————.114

Fig6.3 c bottom Plan of a Palace emulsion Benin House————————– 115

Fig6.4 a bottom Plan of a Family emulsion Benin House————————.117

Fig6.5 bottom Plan of a Modified Family emulsion Benin House—————— 119

Fig6.6 b bottom Plan of a Modified Family emulsion Benin House—————-.122

Fig6.7 c bottom Plan of a Modified Family emulsion Benin House—————-.123

Fig6.8 bottom Plan of an Acclimated Family emulsion Benin House—————-.125

Fig6.9 a bottom Plan of a mongrel Family emulsion Benin House——————.126 xiii

Fig6.10 b bottom Plan of a mongrel Family emulsion Benin House—————-.127

Fig6.11 a bottom Plan of a Face Me I Face You” Central Corridor House————.129

Fig6.12 b bottom Plan of a Face Me I Face You” Corridor House- Type————–.130

Fig6.13 bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House—————————-.132

Fig6.14 Floor Plan ofSemi-Detached Flats of Double bottom House—————- 133

Fig6.15 bottom Plan of a Modified Family- emulsion Benin House—————-.135

Fig6.16 c bottom Plan of a Face Me I Face You” Corridor House- Type————–.136

Fig6.17 bottom Plan of ASemi-Detached Flats Single bottom House—————-.137

Fig6.18 bottom Plan of aSemi-Detached Flats Double bottom House—————-.138

Fig6.19 a bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House—————————- 139

Fig6.20 b bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House—————————- 140

Fig6.21 c bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House—————————- 141

Fig6.22 b bottom Plan of aSemi-Detached Flats Single bottom House—————-.143

Fig6.23 d bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House—————————-.144

Fig6.24 bottom Plan of a Duplex House- Type———————————-.145

Fig6.25 Ground and Upper Floor Plan of a Detached House———————- 147

Fig6.26 Basement, Ground and Upper Floor Plan of a Detached Villa House- Type—-.149

Fig7.1 a bottom Plan of a Palace emulsion Courtyard House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Palace emulsion Courtyard House———————-.190

Fig7.1 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Palace emulsion Courtyard House– 191 xiv

Fig7.2 a bottom Plan of a Family emulsion Courtyard House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Family emulsion Courtyard House————————.169

Fig7.2 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Family emulsion Courtyard House——————————————– 170

Fig7.3 a bottom Plan of an Acclimated Family emulsion Courtyard House Socio- Spatial Analysis of an Acclimated Family emulsion Courtyard House—-.181

Fig7.3 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Acclimated Family emulsion Courtyard House——————————————–.182

Fig7.4 a bottom Plan of a mongrel Family emulsion Courtyard House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a mongrel Family emulsion Courtyard House——.211

Fig7.4 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability A mongrel Family emulsion Courtyard House——————————————–.212

Fig7.5 a bottom Plan of a Common Corridor House( Face Me I Face You) Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Common Corridor House( Face Me I Face You)–.224

Fig7.5 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Common Corridor House( Face Me I Face You)—————————————- 225

Fig7.6 a bottom Plan of a Detached Bungalow House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Detached Bungalow House——————————– 199

Fig7.6 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Detached Bungalow House——.199

Fig7.7 a bottom Plan of aSemi-Detached Double bottom House Socio- Spatial Analysis of aSemi-Detached Double bottom House——————–.192

Fig7.7 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability aSemi-Detached xv

Fig7.8 a bottom Plan of a Modified Family emulsion Courtyard House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Modified Family emulsion Courtyard House—- 197

Fig7.8 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Modified Family emulsion Courtyard House————————————–.198

Fig7.9 a bottom Plan of aSemi-Detached Single bottom House Socio- Spatial Analysis of ASemi-Detached Single bottom House——————– 171

Fig7.9 b Justified Graph for Space Permeability aSemi-Detached Single bottom House—————————————————-.171

Fig7.10 a Ground and Upper Floor Plan of a Detached Double bottom Villa House Socio- Spatial Analysis of a Detached Double bottom Villa House———-.226

Fig7.10 c Justified Graph for Space Permeability a Detached Double bottom Villa House—————————————————- 228

List of Tables

Table4.1 Calculated Sample Size( Total Domestic Houses Across the Four Domestic Zones Projected From 1991- 2009( 52, 850)—————-.83

Table5.1 Income per Annum of the Respondent———————————- 91

Table5.2 Occupation of the Respondent—————————————- 92

Table5.3 Age of the Respondent———————————————- 93

Table5.4 Gender of the Respondent——————————————.93

Table5.5 Marital Status of Respondent—————————————-.94

Table5.6 Number of Persons in the Household of the Respondent( Household Size)—-.95

Table5.7 Educational Background of Respondent——————————–.96

Table5.8 term Status of Respondent—————————————-.97

Table5.9 Religion of the Respondent——————————————.99

Table5.10 Number of Household in the House—————————-.100

Table6.1 Number of named Domestic Houses in the Four Zone of Benin——–.102

Table6.2 The House- Types As linked During the Field Survey———— 104

Table6.3 Tenure Composition———————————————-.151

Table6.4 Number of Household in the House———————————-.152

Table6.5 Length of Times of Stay in the House——————————–.154

Table6.6 Age of the House——————————————–.155

Table6.7 proprietor of the House——————————————– 157

Table7.1 cuisine and Eating( a Place for Meal Preparation)———————-.174

Table7.2 cuisine and Eating( the Cooking Space druggies)————————.175

Table7.3 cuisine and Eating( the operation of the Cooking Space)——————.175 x

Table7.4 cuisine and eating( Number of homes participating cuisine space)——.177

Table7.5 cuisine and eating( Space Allocated for Dish Washing)—————-.178

Table7.6 cuisine and eating( Space for Family Eating)————————.179

Table7.7 Storage of Household Goods( Space for Storing cuisine implements)——–.184

Table7.8 Storage of Household Goods( Space for Storing Raw Food Item)———-.185

Table7.9 Storage of Household Goods( Space for Preservation of Water)———-.186

Table7.10 Storage of Household Goods( Space for Keeping Clothes)————–.187

Table7.11 Storage of Household Goods( studies on the Arrangement of Space)—-.188

Table7.12 Sleeping Arrangement( Sleeping Space For Different Members of the Family)———————————-.195

Table7.13 Sleeping Arrangement( Relaxation Space for the Respondent Any Time of the Day)——————————.196

Table7.14 Personal Hygiene( Space for Family Bath)————————–.202

Table7.15 Personal Hygiene( operation of Space for Family Bath)——————.203

Table7.16 Personal Hygiene( Number of homes Using the Space for Family Bath)—————————-.204

Table7.17 Personal Hygiene( Space for Washing Clothes by Household)———— 205

Table7.18 Personal Hygiene( operation of Space for Washing Clothes)—————- 206

Table7.19 Personal Hygiene( Type of Toilet Being Used by Household)————.207

Table7.20 Personal Hygiene( position of Toilet Facility)———————— 208

Table7.21 Personal Hygiene( operation of Space for Toilet)————————.209

Table7.22 Outdoor Space( discrimination of Space Around the House)————–.215

Table7.23 Outdoor Space( Use of External Space Around the House)————–.216

Table7.24 Outdoor Space( Engaging in Small Business at Home)——————.217 xi

Table7.25 Outdoor Space( Type of Small Business at Home)——————–.218

Table7.26 Callers( Space for entering Caller)——————–.219

Table7.27 Callers( Space for entering Caller that Will Stay Overnight)———-.220

Table7.28 Callers( nuisances of Visitor Staying Overnight)—————-.221

Table7.29 Callers( Possibility of Having Appropriate Space for Visitor

Staying Overnight)——————————– 222

Table7.30 Worship( Performing of Religious Conditioning in the House)————.230

Table7.31 Worship( Space for Performing Religious Conditioning in the House)——–.232

Table7.32 Worship( Space for Worship in the House)————————– 233

Table7.33 Worship( Actuality of similar Space for Worship in the House)———-.234

Table7.34 Worship( Reason for Virtuality of similar Space for Worship

in the House)———————————-.235

Table7.35 Worship( significance of Space for Worship in the House)————.235

Table7.36 Factors Responsible for Change and durability in Core Zone———-.238

Table7.37 Factors Responsible for Change and durability in Intermediate Zone—-.239

Table7.38 Factors Responsible for Change and durability inSub-Urban Zone—— 241

Table7.39 Factors Responsible for Change and durability in Planned Estate Zone—-.243

Table7.40 Factors that Determine the People†Ÿs Response and stations towards

Change in Domestic Spaces as well as durability in Domestic Space

across the Four Residential Zones in Benin——————– 244