ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of some diagnostic procedures for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Two hundred and three samples (203) were collected from patients at the University of Nigerian Teaching Hospital and analyzed with the Elisa kit, which can detect antibodies and antigens in the patients’ serum. Western blots were used as a confirmatory test to the Elisa test. The patients’ results show that 154 of the 205 individuals diagnosed were negative, while only 51 were positive. Because of its sensitivity and specificity, the Elisa kit was the best choice.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a disease that gradually damages the body’s immune system and renders it susceptible to infections. The virus is commonly referred to as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) because it destroys the individual’s immune system, which is responsible for defending them from disease. The immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection can be severe, and it is the leading cause of death due to immune system failure. The difficulty with AIDS is that it causes neurological dementia. HIV is a type of retrovirus known as a lentivirus. The virus family is renowned for lafency, chronic viremia, nervous system infection, and a weak heated immune system. HIV was initially detected in homosexual men in New York City in 1981. In the United States, it is now established that HIV originated in chimps, and that it is transmitted from chimps to humans. There was a lot of conjecture about what caused AIDS at first, but in 1982, the Center for Disease Control obtained conclusive epidermological proof that AIDS was caused by a novel infectious agent.
Dulbecco et al. (1983) discovered modest levels of the novel Lymphademopalty virus (LAN), but enough to employ an antigenina blood test to confirm that AIDS patients were infected. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of AIDS patients has increased, with a total of 9000 confirmed by May 1997. The first response to AIDS in Africa was in 1982. The first response in Nigeria occurred in 1986, among commercial sex workers in Lagos and Calabar. Despite extensive and successful prevention efforts in many parts of the world, seroprevalence was predicted to rise in 2003, with 4. 1 million new HIV infections expected. An estimated 9,020 to 10,000 infections per day could have contributed to this in 2003 alone.
The current health situation in Nigeria, based on data from various hospitals, particularly tertiary hospitals, places AIDS infections in Nigeria at a very critical level. The crippling and harmful effect on the economy, the population category affected by the working class, and the potential for widespread is significant. Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s lab began recovering a virus from an AIDS patient and published the results in a scientific journal. Because of the likeness to two human T-lymphotropic viruses, a number of these viruses were combined into continuous cell cultures to test if a strain of the virus could multiply in the cells. One did, and Gallo’s termed the virus HILV. III. (According to Neser, 2001).
By 2004, it had been established that a large number of esymtomatic people were infected with the virus and could transmit it, indicating that the epidemic was significantly more widespread than previously thought. Blood tests were widely available for routine blood donation testing. As a result, the safety of blood transfusions and goods made from pooled blood has significantly improved (peiperls, 1995)
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The failure to identify realistic priorities in terms of both research and control has been the fundamental challenge with HIV/AIDS in underdeveloped countries.
Clinical diagnosis is failing to adequately focus on the virus attack, which is leading to an increase in HIV infection cases. For the diagnosis of HIV infection, some particular procedures are used.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To assess the current methods for diagnosing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
To assist in recommending the best and most dependable HIV expert.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H.O. : The results of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa), and Radiommuneoassay kits differ significantly among HIV carriers.
HI: The results of the Enzymes linked – immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit (RIA) among HIV carriers show no significant differences.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research is being conducted at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu (UNTH). A lack of funds, a lack of project work, and a lack of available time all contribute to a reduction in the amount of time spent on the project.
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