Nasal Carriers Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Among Children Between 0 – 5 Years

Nasal Carriers Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Among Children Between 0 – 5 Years

Abstract

To insulate and identify the nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumonia among children between 0- 5 times attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, a total number of 50 nasal tar samples were collected from children and invested on a blood agar media. colorful bacteria species have been intertwined as etiological agents of respiratory tract infection frequently times these bacteria populate the nostrils, mouth and throat acting as normal foliage, before adverse event makes them becomes pathogenic. Our ideal was to study one of these bacteria agents videlicet Streptococcus pneumoniae, its colonization rate and its antibiotic vulnerability profile. All samples were reused following standard microbiological protocol and vulnerability was tested by slice prolixity system. The study shows frequence rate for Streptococcus pneumonia to be 68, 26 for Bacillus species and 6 for Staphylococcus aureus. Age range distribution was loftiest amongst children between 2 – 3 times with the circumstance rate of95.38 followed by children between 4 – 5 times with the circumstance rate of86.80 and children 0 – 1 with the circumstance rate of17.36. There was no significant difference between the zone of inhibition and resistant zone at p>0.05. The study showed high resistance to Norflaxin, Amoxil and Ampiclox independently. This study calls for the need for effective surveillance of antibiotic resistance.

Chapter One

Preface

Background Of The Study

Streptococcus pneumoniae( Pneumococcus) bacteria are lancet- shaped, Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria with further than ninety( 90) known serotypes. Streptococcus pneumoniae populate the mucosal shells in the nasopharynx of mortal beings from the first day of life through transmission by contact with respiratory concealment, thereby making individualities especially children healthy carriers of the bacteria. After primary colonization of the nasopharynx, they can resettle to other spots, similar as middle observance, sinus, lung, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid and beget damage, leading to invasive complaint( Cunha, 2003). Pneumococcus is spread by airborne driblets and is a leading cause of serious illness, including bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia among children and grown-ups worldwide( Nuorti and Whitney, 2010; Thigpen etal., 2011).

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteraemia, otitis media, and sinusitis and continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans( Schaumburg, 2013). Carrier harbors a specific contagious agent in the absence of perceptible clinical complaint and serves as a implicit source of infection for others. Carriers are significantly dangerous to community and in sanitarium. Among different carrier’s orders, nasal carriers are those who harbor contagious agents in their nasal depression. Important pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Niesseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae( substantiallynon-capsulate) Cheesbrough( 2000).

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common mortal pathogens and is able of causing a wide range of infections in mortal. Although primary streptococcal infections aren’t common, a great deal of the acridity from this organism occurs throughcross-infection by spread from case to case in hospitals and other institutional settings. In discrepancy, healthy individualities have a small threat of contracting an invasive infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, but they can be carrier organism. Because its primary niche is most scaled epithelium of the anterior nostrils, utmost invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are assumed to arise from nasal carrier( Von Eiff etal., 2001).

Around14.5 million occurrences of severe pneumococcal complaint do annually in the world, causing deaths; 825,000 of them among children under 5 times old, representing 11 of the total number of child deaths. In the time 2000, the estimated number of serious pneumococcal conditions to do encyclopedically was14.5 million, leading to about 826 000 deaths in children progressed one month to five times( O’Brien etal., 2009). Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of potentially life– hanging community acquired conditions and is associated with an estimated global mortality rate that’s in the same order of magnitude as that of tuberculosis( 3- 5 million deaths per time). Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children worldwide and the most important pathogen causing the complaint is the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae( the pneumococcus)( O’Brien etal., 2009).

Streptococcus pneumonia was given the name “ the forgotten killer ” in children in 2008 by the World Health Organization( WHO)( Wardlow, 2006), which accounts for further than one third of acute bacterial sinusitis and further than one half of community– acquired bacterial pneumonia( train, 2006). It remains a major cause of nonage morbidity and mortality, where at least1.2 million children die of pneumococcal infections each time as stated by the WHO in 2007 and 70 of them in Africa and Southeast Asia; substantially in developing countries( Williams, 2002). Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae including pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, sinusitis and otitis are extremely common, and their associated morbidity and mortality place a tremendous fiscal burden on the society( Hoffman etal., 2005). Pneumococcal conditions are a major public health problem each over the world. Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and other antibiotics is adding worldwide( Applebaum, 2002). numerous bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumonia( pneumococcus) have come resistant to one or further classes of antibiotics which in turn lead to treatment failures.

The last two decades of the 20th century were marked by an adding resistance rate among several bacteria. trouble of resistance has been observed in Staphylococcusspp., Enterococcusspp., Pseudomonasspp. and Enterobacteriaceae, which are the major pathogens in nosocomial infections. Misdiagnosis and gratuitous tradition of antibiotics, as well as lack of education on bacterial antibiotic resistance are important factors in the emergence of resistance with attendant public health and profitable loss consequences( Applebaum, 2002).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Streptococcus pneumoniae( pneumococcus) is a commensal but also a pathogen that plays an important part in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections( RTIs) similar as pneumonia and otitis media in babies and youthful children. In addition, the pneumococcus may also beget invasive conditions similar as meningitis and sepsis( O’Brien etal., 2009).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The end of this study is to estimate the antimicrobial vulnerability pattern and also determine the rate of nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumonia among children between 0 – 5 times attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi.

objects OF THE STUDY

To insulate and identify Streptococcus pneumonia from the nasal depression.

ii. To determine the antimicrobial vulnerability pattern.

iii. To estimate the colonization rate of Streptococcus pneumonia.