Phytochemical Screening Of Coconut Water Extract

Phytochemical Screening Of Coconut Water Extract

Abstract

Medicinal shops are the original heritage with global significance shops and factory grounded cures are the base of numerous of the ultramodern medicinals we use moment for our colorful affections. The exploration delved the photochemical webbing of coconut water. Coconut water was attained fresh from coconut fruit and photochemical analysis was carried out according to standard procedures. The primary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and tannins in cocos nucifera water, alycosides, phemolics, terpenoids and alkaloids were detected while others were absent. This result indicated that coconut water has useful medicinal values especially with the presence of phemolics and alkaloids.

Chapter One

Preface

Natural phytochemicals deduced from medicinal shops have gained significant recognition in the implicit operation of several mortal clinical conditions, including cancer “ Phyto ” is the Greek word for factory. There are numerous “ familiar ” of phytochemicals and they help the mortal body in a variety of ways. Phytochemicals may cover mortal from a host of complaint. They’renon-nutritive factory chemicals that have defensive or complaint preventative parcels, factory produce these chemicals to cover itself but recent exploration demonstrates that numerous phytochemicals can cover humans against conditions. There are numerous phytochemicals in fruits and sauces and each works else. The coconut, cocos nucifera L, has been described as the “ tree of life ” or tree of heaven and nature’s topmost gift to man. Each part of the coconut tree can be used to produce particulars of value for the community. Cocos nucifera L is a dominant type of tree belonging to the family Arecaceae( win). The common name of cocos nucifera is coconut or coconut win. Coconut is believed to have its origins in the Ido- Malayan region from where its spread throughout to tropics. The coconut win is monoecious, i.e. with manly and womanish flowers on the same inflorescence, called a spadix, that develops within a woody sheathe or spathe. At flowering, the spathe splits length wise to expose the spadix. Each spadix consists of a man axis 1-1.5 m( 3-3-5ft) in length with 40- 60 branches or spikelets bearing the flowers linder favorable growing conditions first unfolding occurs about 4- 5 times after planting.

Once a win reaches maturity, a spadix( flower shaft) is produced in every splint axil between 12 and 15 spadices are produced throughout the time at fairly regular intervals, although failure conditions can delay the emergence of the spadix or beget it to repeal, the number of womanish flowers per spadix varies. Since the flowery early are initiated 12 months before the spadix emerges, the number is identified to the growing conditions( rainfall, nutrition) 12 months previous to emergence from the literature check, it’s relatively apparent that the nflowers of cocos nucifera has potent therapentic value on the area of anti bacterial, larvicidal, antioxidant, salutary anti seditious, hepatoprotective and anti cancer. The present disquisition aims to concentrate on the identification of some useful phytochemicals ingredients cocos nucifera water excerpt.

COCOS NUCIFERA

The coconut tree( cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae( win family). It’s the only accepted species in the rubric cocos. The term coconut can relate to the entire cocnut win, the seed or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The spelling coconut is an archaic form of the word. The term is deduced from the 16th- century Portuguese and Spanish word coco meaning “ head ” or “ cranium ” from the three indentations on the coconut shell that act facial features.

The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the numerous uses of its different corridor and set up throughout the tropics and subtropics. Coconuts are the part of the diurnal diets of numerous people coconut is different from any other fruits because they contain a large volume of “ water ” and when immature they’re known as tender- nuts or jelly- nuts and may be gathered for drinking. When develop, they still contain some water and can be used as seed- nuts or reused to give oil painting from the kernel, housekeeper coal from the hard shell and coirfrom the stringy cocoon. The endosperm is originally in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, getting the comestible coconut “ meat ” when dried, the coconut meat is called copra. The oil painting and milk deduced from it are generally used in cuisine and frying, coconut oil painting is also extensively used in cuisine and dress. The clear liquid coconut water within is drinkable. The cocoons and leaves can be used as accoutrements to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating, it also has artistic and religious significance in numerous societies that use it.

Description

Factory Cocos nucifera is a large win, growing up to 30m( 98ft) altitudinous, with pinnate leaves 4- 6m( 13- 20ft) long and pinnae 60- 90 long old leaves break away fairly, leaving the box smooth. Coconutsm are generally classified into two general types, altitudinous and dwarf. On veritably rich land, a altitudinous coconut win tree can yield up to 75 fruits per time, but more frequently yields lower than 30, substantially due to poor artistic practices. Given proper care and growing conditions coconut triumphs produce the first fruits in six to ten times, it takes 15- 230 times to reach peak product.

Fruits botanically, the coconut fruits is a drupe not a true nut like other fruits, it has three layers the exocarp, mesocard and endocarp. The exocarp and mesocarp make up the “ cocoon ” of the coconut. Coconuts vended in the shops of nontropical countries frequently have had the exocarp( remotest subcaste) removed. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which has numerous traditional and marketable uses. The shell has three germination pores( stoma) or “ eyes ” that are easily visible on its outside face once the cocoon is removed.

A full size coconut weighs about1.44 kg( 3- 216). It takes around 6,000 full grown coconuts to produce a tone of corpa.

Roots unlike some other shops, the win tree have neither a valve root nor root hairs, but have stringy root system.

The coconut win root system consists of an cornucopia of thin babes that grow outward from the factory near the face. Only a many of the root access deep into the soil for stability. The type of root system is known as stringy or accidental and is a specific of lawn species. Other types of large trees produce a single downcast- growing valve root with a number of confluent roots growing from it.

Coconut triumphs continue to produce roots from the base of the stem throughout its life. The number of roots produced depends on the age of the tree and the terrain, with further than 3,600 roots possible on a tree that’s 60 to 70 times old. Roots are slightly thick from the tree box to the root tip.

Inflorescence The win produces both the womanish and manly flowers on the same inflorescence; therefore the win is monoecious. Other sources use the term polygamomonoecious. The womanish flower is much larger than the manly flower. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut triumphs are believed to be largely cross pollinated, although some dwarf kinds are tone- pollinating.

Taxonomy

· Cellular organisms Eukaryote- Viridiplantae

· Streptophyta – Streptophyta- Euphyllophyta

· Spermatophyte- Tracheophyta- liliopsida

· Commelinids – Arecales- Arecaceae

· Arecoideae – Cocoseae- Attaleinae- cocos- Cocos nucifera

Bracket

Kingdom Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Liliopsida

Family Arecaceae

Genus Cocos

SpeciesC. nucifera

civilization

V triumphs are grown in further than 90 countries of the world, with a total product of 62 millions tones per times. utmost of the world product is in tropical Asia. Coconut trees are veritably hard to establish in dry climates, and can not grow there without frequent irrigation, in failure conditions, the new leaves don’t open well, and aged leaves may come withered, fruits also tends to be exfoliate.

Specialized demand of Coconut Cultivation

Agro-climate conditions

Coconut is basically a tropic factory but has been set up to grow under varying agro climatic conditions. The mean periodic temperature for optimum growth and maximum yield is stated to be 270c with a quotidian variation of 60c to 70c and relative moisture further than 60. The coconut win thrives well up to an altitude of 600m above MSL. The coconut win thrives well under an unevenly distributed periodic downfall ranging from 100 mm to 3000 mm. still, a well distributed downfall of about 2000 mm is the ideal downfall for proper growth and advanced yield.

Soil

The coconut win can tolerate wide range of soil conditions. But the win does show certain growth preferences. A variety of factors similar as drainage, soil depth, soil fertility and layout of the land has great influence on the growth of the win. The major soil types that support coconut in India are laterite, alluvialred flaxen loan, littoral flaxen and reclaimed soils with a pH ranging from5.2 to8.0.

Selection of point

Soil with a minimal depth of 12m and fairly good water holding capacity is preferred for coconut civilization. Shallow soils with underpinning hard gemstone, low lying areas subordinated to water recession and muddy soils should be avoided. Proper force of humidity either through well distributed downfall or irrigation and sufficient drainage are essential for coconut.

Preparation of land

Size of the hole depends on the soil type and water table. In laterite soils large recesses of the size1.2 m x1.2 m x1.2 may be dug and filled up with loose soil, powered cow soil and ash up to a depth of 60 cm before planting. In loaming soils, recesses of size 1m x 1m x 1m filled with top soil to height of 50 cm is recommended, while filling the recesses, two layers of coconut cocoon can be arrange at the bottom of the hole with hollow face fusing overhead for humidity conservation. After arranging each subcaste, BHC 10/ DP should be sprinkled on the cocoon to help termite attack. In laterite soils, common swab at 2 kg hole may be applied, six months, prior, on the bottom of the hole to soften the hard kissers .

Distance

In general square system of planting with a distance of7.5 m x7.5 m is recommended for coconut. This will accommodate 177 triumphs per hectare. still, distance of7.5 to 10m is rehearsed in colorful coconut growing regions of the country.

Harvesting

Coconuts are gathered at varying intervals in a time. The frequence differs in different areas depending upon the yield of the trees by well maintained and high yielding auditoriums , bunches are produced regularly and harvesting is done once a month. Coconut becomes mature in about 12 months after the opening of the spathe. It’s the ripe coconut which is the source of major coconut products nut which are eleven months old give fibre of good quality and can be gathered in the tracts where green cocoons are needed for the manufacture of coir fibre. profitable life of the coconut win is about 60 times.

TRADITIONAL USES OF COCONUT

The coconut is used for roofing and side defenses on traditional casing and woven coconut leaves are used to carry or serve food. The timber is used for casing and canoe structure. While the coconut shells have been used for centuries to carry water or store coconut oil painting. The fresh tire is boiled to use as a natural sweetener or mixed with water to make a lovely sweet drink. Coconut caddies are used for erecting small islands and hooches , they’re preferred for their straightness, strength, and swab resistance. Coconut caddies are used for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the box, and is decreasingly being used as an ecologically sound cover for risked hardwoods. It has operations in cabinetwork and technical construction, as specially demonstrated in Manila’s coconut palace. The coconut cocoon is used as a replanting medium to produce healthy timber tree sapling, coconuts are used in the beauty assiduity in moisturizers to its chemical structures, is readily absorbed by the skin. Coconut is also a source of lauric acid, which can be reused in a particular way to produce sodium lauryl sulfate, a soap used in showers gels and soaps. Half coconut shells are used in theatre foley sound goods of a nags hoof beats. Dried half shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, coconut refections used as beast feed. The dried calyx is used as energy in wood fired ranges. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in factory towel culture/ micro propagation.

MEDICINAL USES OF COCONUT

Coconut is used to treat a wide variety of health problems including the following Abscesses, asthma, baldness, bronchitis, bruises, burns snap, constipation, cough, dropsy, dysentery, earache, fever, flu, gingivitis, gonorrhea, irregular or painful period, hostility, order monuments, malnutrition, nausea, rash, scabies, scurvy, skin infection, sore throat, swelling, syphilis toothache, tuberculosis, excrescences, typhoid ulcers, worried stomach, weakness and injuries. Coconut water is known as a delicious libation popular substantially in tropic Island, still far not all of us are apprehensive of health benefits of coconut water. Generally speaking, it contains a whole quantum of supplements that are demanded in order to supplements that are demanded in order to sustain life.

· Potassium- it helps to lower arterial blood pressure.

· Glucose- It acts as sugar demanded for body energy.

· Vitamin C- It shields the body for affections like scurvy.

· Vitamin B- It helps to replace worn out apkins and cells.

Hair care

Coconut oil painting is one of the stylish natural nutrition for hair. It helps in healthy growth of hair furnishing them a candescent complexion; it’s effective in reducing the protein loss for damage and undamaged hair.

impunity

Coconut oil painting is also good for the vulnerable system, it strengthen the vulnerable system as it contains antimicrobial lipids, lauric acid, capric acid and caprylic acid which have antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral parcels. The mortal body converts lauric acid into monolaurin which is claimed to help in dealing with contagions and bacteria causing conditions similar as herpes, influenza, cytomegalovirus, and indeed HIV. It helps in fighting dangerous bacteria similar as listeria monocytogenes and heliobacterpylori, and dangerous protozoa similar as giardia lamblia.

Weight loss

Coconut oil painting is veritably useful in benefits of honey in weight loss, it contains short and medium chain fattyacide that helps in taking off inordinate weight it’s also easy to digest and it helps in healthy functioning of the thyroid and enzymes systems. Further, it increases the body metabolism by removing stress on pancreases, thereby burning out further energy and helping fat and fat people reduce their weight. Hence, people living in tropic littoral areas, who eat coconut oil painting daily as their primary cuisine oil painting, are typically not fat, fat or fat.

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF COCONUT

The coconut win provides a substantial import income for numerous tropical countries, as well as food and drink for home consumption and energy and sanctum of the exported products, copra, the dried kernel, is a major source of vegetable oil painting and coconut oil painting, and shielded and dried kernel is extensively used in the bakery and confectionary trades as withered coconut. Copra cutlet, left after oil painting birth, is a valued beast feed, especially for dairy cattle.

The leading coconut patron nations are( in order) the Philippians, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia, while product from nations similar as Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon islets, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu is fairly small, the coconut trade is a major source of import profit for these countries, in some times, copra comprises further than 50 of Vanuatu exports income.

The coconut assiduity is the loftiest net foreign exchange earner of agrarian exports in the Philippines, counting for about1.5 of GNP. It employs directly or laterally, some 20 million people( about one- third of the population) and earns further thanUS$ 510m annually. still, the assiduity’s capability to meet demand and expanding may be jeopardized by

1. The declining share of coconut oil painting in the world’s oil painting and fat request.

2. A proposed tax on vegetable oil painting significances to the European community and a crusade against coconut oil painting in US.

3. More strict aflatoxin regulations assessed in the transnational copra request.

4. corrosion of the European withered coconut request.

5. Lack of a request development and expansion program; and.

6. Low inflows for coconut to respond to changing patterns in world trade in coconut products could have adverse goods on employment and profit.

birth

The shade- dried flowers of cocos nucifera were uprooted with colorful detergents. Shloroform, methanol, ethanol, hydroaclcohol) 80 waterless ethanol) and waterless excerpts of flowers of cocos nuficera were prepared in 20g/ 200 ml. the redundant detergent in the excerpt were removed by distillation and concentrated on water bath, the excerpts were also collected in petridish and stored in desicators at room temperature. The excerpts were used for the discovery of phytochemical analysis.

Type

While to the consumers it may feel that there are a many different types of coconuts, there’s really only one species of coconut factory. The coconut win, cocos nucifera, is the only type of win tree that produces coconut. Within this species, still, there are dozens of different kinds of coconuts the different kinds are generally divided into two main types, altitudinous and dwarf.

Tall are the most common type of coconut win they cancross-pollinate, which means that they partake inheritable accoutrements among trees, leading to a lot of variation in the characteristics of the fruit the two main types of altitudinous coconut are the Niu Kafa which grows substantially in the wild and not commercially and the Niu Vai, which is domesticated. In utmost cases, the numerous different types of coconut that fall between the two types are named according to where they’re grown some kinds include the West Africa Tall and the Tampakan Taqll.

Dwarf coconut substantially tone- pollinate, which means that there are smaller different types. As the name indicates, they’re lower than also altitudinous, which makes them more popular to grow in home auditoriums and corridor. Dwarf coconut trees produce further fruit than altitudinous size do, but the coconut are generally lower in size like altitudinous trees, dwarfs are generally named by their country of origin, in addition, the color of also youthful fruits is included as part of the name. Some kinds include the Cameroon Red, the Malayan Yellow, and the Nias Green.

One variety of coconut, the Niu Leka Dwarf, also known as the Fiji Dwarf or Samoan Dwarf, is distinct from other dwarf kinds, this several characteristics in common with the altitudinous.

BIOACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN MEDICINAL SHOPS

Mayer’s Test A small volume of the excerpt was treated with many drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was filling with Alkaloid Mayer’s reagent. conformation of cream precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Wagner’s Test To 2- 3 ml excerpt with many drops Wagner’s reagent conformation of sanguine brown precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.

Saponins

Froth Test the excerpt was adulterated with 20 ml of distill water and it was shaken with a graduated cylinder for 15minutes. Alayer of froth indicated the presence of Saponnis.

Flavoniods

Naoh Tests To 2- 3 ml of excerpt drops of sodium hydroxide result were added in a test tube conformation of violent unheroic colour that came colourless on addition of many drops of dilute HCL indicated the presence of flavoniods.

Glycosides

Akyl Glycosides have been described in hetero in cyanobacteria where they likel6y take part in the protection of these cells. They were insulated and studied in nitrogen- fixing cyanobacteria similar as anabaena spherical( Nicholas BW et al, nature 1968, 217, 767) and several forms were structurally characterized.

Other forms with different chain length and functionally groups on the chain have been studied in other species( cyanospira rippkae, anamaeba torulosa). Their structures correspond of sugar moitiess glycosidically bound to long- chain diols, triols, keto- ols and keto- diols. The aglycome half comported of C26 or C28 carbon- chains with hydroxyl functionalities probably at the C- 3 position.

Alkyl glucosides set up in Nostacaceae were characterized by the presence of troils and of C- 3 Ketones. Ascarosides are a group of simple glycolipids which were described are in eggs and apkins of nematodes( Ascaridiodea)( Fougeuy C et al, Bull Soc Biol 1957, 39, 101). examinations on the chemical nature of ascarosides from Parascaris equorum and Ascaris Suum( Bartley PJ et al) Nat prod 1996, 59, 921) have shown that they’re formed principally by a glycosyl half( 3,6 didesoxymannose, known as ascarylose) linked to a z- hydroxylated hydrocarbon containing 26 and 33 carbon tittles.

Phonolics

Phenol Test When0.5 ml of fecl3( W/ V) results was added to 2 ml of test results, conformation of an violent colour indicated the presence of phenols.

Tannins

Ferric Chlodride Test Small volume of excerpt was boiled in 20 ml of water in a test tube and also filtered. A many drop of0.1 ferric chloride was added and observed for brownish green or blue-black achromatism which indicate the presence of tannis.

Steriods

Salkowski Test To 2 ml of excerpt, add 2 ml chloroform and 2 ml concentrated H2S054 and was shaken well chloroform subcaste appeared red and acid subcaste showed greenish unheroic luminescence indicated the presence of steriols.

Liberman- Burchard’s Test Mix 2 ml excerpt with chloroform acid, 1- 2 ml acetic anhydride and 2 drops concentrated H2S054 from the side of the test tube. First red, also blue and eventually green colour indicated the presence of sterols.

Bioactive ingredients which have been reported include stigmastane type saponnins( vernoniosides) steroidal saponin