Prevalence Of Dirofilaria Immitis In Dogs In Zaria

Prevalence Of Dirofilaria Immitis In Dogs In Zaria

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTON

Background of Study

Dirofilaria is a nematode sponger that’s extensively enzootic in herbivores especially canine. It’s of the family filariidae( Soulsby, 1982). There are two given species of significance in tykes Dirofilaria repens(D. repens) and Dirofilaria immitis(D. immitis), of whichD. immitis is more important and is generally called the canine heart worm. The adult worms are set up in the right ventricle and pulmonary highways of tykes and mammals( Gerald and Larry, 1989; Urguhart etal., 2003) and are responsible for delabitating condition known as canine heart worm( CHW) complaint or dirofilarosis. Dirofilarosis cause byD. immitis is zoonotic and is transmitted by the mosquito vector( Urguhar etal., 2003). Heartworms go through several live stages before they come grown-ups to infect the pulmonary roadway of the host beast. The worms bear the mosquito as an intermediate host in order to complete their life cycle. The rate of development in the mosquito is temperature dependent, taking roughly two weeks of temperature at over 27oC( 80 F). Below a threshold temperature of 14 C, development can not do, and the cycle will be halted( Knight, 2000). As a result, transmission is limited to warm months and duration of the transmission season varies geographically. The period between the original infection when the canine is stunk by a mosquito and the development of the worms into grown-ups living in the heart takes six( 6) to seven( 7) months and its known as the “ prepatent period ”. Clinically, the signs ofD. immitis infection in tykes are shiftlessness, exercise dogmatism, and habitual soft cough with haemophisis. In after stage there are dyspnoe, occasionally edema of the lower branches and escites, haemoglobnuria, icterus, and collapse of the host generally due to venacaual pattern( Urguhart etal., 2003). Canine heartworm infection can be diagnosed grounded on the clinical signs of cardiovascular dysfunction; demonstration of microfilaria in the blood; thoracic radiography showing thickening pulmonary roadway and/ or a positive enzyme linked immunosurbent Assay(E.L.I.S.A) immunochromatography test system. At posthumous, presence of worms in the right ventricle and pulmonary roadway are individual. Dirofilariasis manifests either as subcutaneous nodes or asymptomatic parenchyma complaint in mortal. These lesions are frequently misdiagnosed as nasty excrescences, taking invasive disquisition and surgery( Bionote, 2010). Heartworm has now spread to nearly all locales where the mosquito vector is set up. Transmission of the sponger occurs in all of the United States( cases has been reported in Alaska and the warmer regions of Canada). The loftiest infection rates are set up within 150 long hauls of the seacoast from Texas to New Jersey, and along the Mississippi swash and its major feeders. It has also been set up in South America, Southern Europe, Southern Asia, The Middle East, Australia, Korea and Japan.( Edward, 2003). In Nigeria,( Oduye et al, 2002) stated that heartworms(D. immitis) have been reported in southern Nigeria but not in the northern Nigeria. still, Anyanwu etal.( 1996), reported the insulation ofD. immitis- suchlike microfilaria in four Nigerian tykes in Zaria. The four cases were mixed infection withD. repens. In a after study, he reported the cornucopia of mosquito in the study area videlicet; culex papeins spp. Aedes aegypti and Aedes vitatus( Anyanwu, 2000). nearly, all these species of mosquitoes are implicit vector ofD. immitis. In recent history, spongers irruption have been on the increase and constitute a trouble to public health. The adding association between man and tykes and the recent general instability in the country has needed the importation of fantastic types of tykes from Dirofilariasis aboriginal area particularly to the homes of fat Nigerians( Benjamin Edward, 2003). The canine heartworm is of negligible public health threat, because it’s unusual for humans to come infected. In addition, mortal infections are generally of little or no consequences, although infrequently, an infected human may show signs of respiratory complaint. In utmost cases, still the heartworm dies shortly after arriving in the mortal lungs and a bump known as a granuloma, forms around the dead worm as it’s being killed and absorbed. This may well be the most significant medical consequence of mortal infection by the canine heartworm( Benjamin and Edward, 2003). The thing of this study is to estimate the frequence status of Dirofilaria immitis in tykes in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. piecemeal from the work done in Southern Nigeria by Oduye and Dipeolu, 2002 and the reported cases of abundances of mosquitoes in Zaria by Anyanwu, 2000 to the stylish of our knowledge, there’s no report on the frequence of Dirofilaria immitis in Zaria, Kaduna State. As reported by WHO( 1995), such a comprehensive study is necessary because it’s important to know whether an organism causing complaint in a given area is of the biotype as in the original beach cover vectors or in apparent beast budgets. likewise, In developed countries, Dirofilaria immitis infection has long been honored as a health hazard to tykes and pussycats and is been controlled roundly because of its zoonotic significance to mortal( McCall etal., 2004). According to Idowu( 2002), control strategies bear information on frequence, prevalence, and health status of the complaint. These data explained the need to take over this exploration.

Statement of the Research Problem

SinceD. immitis was first reported in the South by Oduye and Dipeolu( 1976) and the report of suspected cases by Anyanwu etal.( 1996; 2000). The complaint frequence especially in tykes has remained inadequately delved and reported. thus, the extent of the significance of the complaint remain unknown in numerous corridor of Nigeria including Zaria.

defense

The Dirofilaria immitis of tykes are of public health significance, as their burden can beget important morbidity not only to tykes , but also to mortal. The finding of this exploration will thus, give useful data to the pool of information demanded for effective intervention programmes and posterior control of the Dirofilaria immitis infection in Zaria and Nigeria generally. It’s hoped that the results of this study will further give dependable data for the determination of the frequence, and public health significance of the complaint towards meaningful planning of applicable control measures against the complaint in the study area and beyond.

Aim

The end of this study is to estimate the frequence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in tykes in Zaria, Kaduna State.

objects

The major objects of the study are to

1. determine the frequence of Dirofilaria immitis( heartworm) in tykes in Zaria, Kaduna State.

2. DetermineD. Immitis infection in relation to the coitus, age and strain in tykes in Zaria.

3. determine the factors that prepping tykes to Dirofilaria immitis in Zaria.

suppositions

1. There’s no heartworm infection in tykes in Zaria.

2.D.immitis infection isn’t significantly told by the coitus, age and the strain of tykes in Zaria.

3. There are no threat factors to heartworm complaint in Zaria.

Limitation of the study

The variation in the sample sizes across the colorful spots in Zaria was caused by a number of unlooked-for circumstances. similar factors include differences in population sizes of tykes in the spots, denial of access to named available tykes by canine possessors, absence of tykes possessors at home at the time of visit, absence of tykes at home at the time of visit, some tykes are violent, indeed to the canine possessors and to the point that they’ve to be left away and lack of time, finance and exploration logistic problems, The problems could conceivably introduce some bias in the slice but Theis( 2005) attributed similar bias tonon-compensating crimes because adding the size of the sample can not reduce them.