PREVALENCE STUDY OF HEPATITIS B (AUSTRALIAN ANTIGEN) AMONG PATIENTS
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of viral hepatitis B among National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu patients was investigated. The samples included 200 men, women, and children who were all patients at the Enugu Orthopedic Hospital. This HBs was examined, and 110 of the 200 patients tested positive, and liver function tests were found abnormal in almost all of the patients who tested positive to the HBsAG standard test. Out of the 110 patients, the most common clinical manifestations were fever and jaundice in Jo. The infection was most common among young adults aged 21 to 30. This accounted for 17.5% of the positive patient population; it was lowest among children aged 1 to 10 and elderly persons aged 60 to 70, who accounted for 5% of the infected population. The study also provided a general perspective on the group of individuals affected, whether youngsters or adults, as well as the wid expired of the repetitive B. Hepatitis B, one of the leading causes of human misery worldwide, was discovered to be prevalent among patients at National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu despite a thorough understanding of its transmission and prevention and control through the use of vaccine.
CHAPITRE ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HEPATITITIS B INTRODUCTION
Viral hepatitis is a condition as old as medicine itself. Hepatitis was recorded in the Babylonian Talmud in the fifty-first century BC, and Hippocratic Oath was written almost 2000 years ago. Despite this ancient understanding, it was not until 1963 that the first human Repetitive virus, Hepatitis B, was isolated. This was rapidly followed by the detection of Hepatitis A virus in 1973, and more recently by the isolation of viruses C, D, E, and G. These viruses have been reported to infect the human liver (Anderson et al; 2001).
There are, however, around twenty additional viruses that infect the human liver. These are not considered “Repatitis viruses” because other viruses infect organs other than the liver more severely’. These viruses include common ones like Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mumps, Rubella, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as uncommon ones like Rassa fever and yellow fever viruses.
Repatitis (Greek Repaticus, liver) refers to any infection that causes inflammation of the liver. In addition, not all cases of “hepatitis” are caused by viruses. “HEPATITIS” means “inflammation of the liver” and can be caused by a variety of infections (bacteria, fungus, etc.); toxic medications; poisons; alcoholism, and other factors (Drexott etal; 2005).
However, one Repatitis virus of particular interest is Hepatitis B, which is one of the most common infections diseases, causing an estimated 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. The Repatitis B virus (HBV), a double-stranded circular DNA virus with a complicated structure, causes Hepatitis B. Hbv is classified as an orthoropadnavirus of the hepadnaviridae family. HBV was initially identified as the source of serum Repatitis, the most prevalent form of partially transferred viral Repatitis and a major cause of acute and chronic liver infection. This is why hepatitis B is sometimes known as seum Repatitis. Previously, the virus was known as the Australian antigen. The reason for this is that it was first isolated in a room the blood of an Australian aborogie and is linked to HBV. (2005, Procott et al.
Despite a thorough understanding of its transmission and control, Hepatitis B remains a major cause of human misery around the world. Serum from hepatitis B patients contains three types of antigen particles: a spherical 22nm particle, a 42nm spherical particle (including DNA and DNA polymer able) known as the Dane particle, and tubular or filamentous particles that vary in length. The small spherical and tubular particles constitute the unassembled component of the Dane particle, which is the virus’s infective form. The particles that have not been assembled. Contain hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the presence of which in the blood is (a) an indicator of Repatitis B infection, (b) the basis for large-scale blood screening for the hepatitis B virus, and (c) the basis for the first human vaccine developed using recombinant DNA technology (Evans, 1997).
The Hepatitis B virus is generally transmitted through blood transfusion, contaminated equipment, drug users’ unsterile needles, or any body secretion (saliva, soren, perspiration, breast milk, urine). The virus can also travel through the placenta from an infected mother’s blood to infect the fetus. Every year, an estimated 200, 000 people in Nigeria are infected with Australian Antigen (HBV), and around 1000 people die each year from hepatitis-related cirrhosis and approximately 5000 people die from HBV-related liver cancer. (HBV is the second most common cause of rumen cancer after tobacco). HBV affects around 200 million persons worldwide (Schlesinger & Schlesinger, 2001). The clinical indications of Repatitis B vary greatly, and the majority of cases are asymptomatic. However, fever, loss of appetite, abominal discomfort, nausea, fatigue, and other symptoms may appear gradually after a 1 to 3 month incubation period. The virus attacks Hepatic cells in the liver, causing tissue degradation and the release of liver-associated enzymes (transaminases) into the bloodstream. This is followed by jaundice, which is caused by a buildup of bilirubin (a breakdown product of raemoglobin) in the skin and other tissues, resulting in a yellow appearance. Hepatitis B’s striking yellow jaundice on its sufferers’ skin has made it a highly recognizable disease throughout recorded history. abrupt hepatitis B is often anicteric and symptomatic, though abrupt liver failure can occur. The virus survives in around 10% of infected immunocompent adults and in as many as 90% of babies, depending on the ethnic background of the mother. Around 350 million people worldwide are chronic hepatitis B carriers. Actually, one out of every twenty infections results in chronic hepatitis, which is defined as persistent hepatitis virus six mouths after the acute illness. Chronic HBV infection can start with normal liver blood tests (“Chronic Carrier State”) or as an aggressive inflammatory condition (“Chronic Active Hepatitis”) that can result in severe scarring (“Cirrhosis”).
Cirrhosis affects approximately 25% of all chronic hepatitis patients, while hepatocellular cancer affects approximately 20% of those with cirrhosis. That instance, cirrhosis caused by HBV increases the chance of liver cancer (hepatoma).
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in the globe (Seeger & Manor; 2000).
Virus replication persists in the liver during the initial phase of chronicity, and replicative intermediates of the viral genome may be found in DNA recovered from hepatic hiopsies. HBVDNA (which indicates virus presence and activity), DNA polymerize (which determines the existence of HBVDNA in liver cells), and a soluble antigen, hepatition.be antigen (HbeAG), which is produced by productively infected hepatocytes are all makers of virus replication in serum. This phase may last for life in people infected at a young age, but virus levels normally diminish over time. After immunological clearance of infected hepatocytes associated with seroconverision low replication, the viral senome may integrate into the chromosomal DNA of certain hepatocytes, and these cells may persist and expand closely in most persons. Rarely, seroconversion to anti-HBs occurs after virus replication is cleared, but more frequently, HBSAg persists during a second phase of chronicity due to the expression of integrated viral DNA.
REPLICATION VIRAL
The expression of the viral replication cycle in a rost cell is the essential mechanism of viral infection in terms of HBV replication. Typically, the following phases are involved in the HBV infection process:
Insert a host.
– make touch with and enter a vulnerable cell.
– Replication within the cell.
– Spread to neighboring cells.
– Causing cellular damage.
– Induce an immunological response in the host
– Either be cleansed from the host’s body, create a persistent infection, or kill the host.
– Be released back into the environment (prexote et al., 2005).
VIRAL EXPLOSION
The mechanisms of viral propagation vary, but the bloodstream is the most common. The presence of viruses in the blood is referred to as VIREAMA>HBV is transmitted through blood, body secretions, needles, the placenta, and sexual contact. This is to say that transmission occurs via parental channels. As a result, HBV transmission can occur from person to person as a result of blood transfer via any prouder that tears the skin or mucous membranes. HBs (Australian Antigen) has been discovered in practically every body fluid of infected persons- saliva tears semen, cerebral fluid, ascetic fluid, breast milk synovial fluid, gastric juice, urine, and only rarely in faces. As a result, this disease is a severe occupational hazard for medical staff. It is most common in those who have received many blood transfusions or blood product intravenous drug abusers, homosexuals, and sexually promiscuous individuals.
1.2 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The importance of research cannot be overstated. Having considered the foregoing, this research fulfills the following aim or objectives.
1. To gain a general understanding of the afflicted population, whether children or adults.
2. To demonstrate the conditions that predispose to viral hepatitis and to propose ways to reduce the incidence.
3. To review the management of these patients in terms of vestigation performed and treatment.
4. To comprehend the intricate or extravagant nature of the hepatitis B virus’s composition, as well as the damaging effect it has on the patient
5. Compare and contrast primary data from this study with secondary data from the library.
6. Describe the rate of progression to chronicity as well as the everyday activities that will not result in contact with HBV.
1.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study was conducted to determine the presence or prevalence of this disease among patients at Nation Orthopedic Hospital Enugu. Or to comprehend and demonstrate the prevalent Hospital in question.The significance of this study cannot be overstated, as HBV is unquestionably crucial in the lives of impoverished countries, particularly in their hospitals. Many children are infected with the hepatitis B virus at a young age, and a significant number of otherwise healthy people are chronic carriers of the Australia Antign. The importance of this work is considered in terms of having a better knowledge and understanding, or perhaps broadening our reach of the chronically and pathogenically of HBV.
4.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
A study of this type must inevitably encounter problems. Hepatitis B is a viral disease that spreads through all body fluids, which means that it can be contracted by exchanging body fluids with an infected person. Looking at our culture and hospitals, there are cases where unscreened blood is supplied to a patient case of numerous sex partner persons having unprotected intercourse, using sharp instruments carelessly. All of these predispose to viral hepatitis B. and put a study of such at risk.
1.5 STUDY LIMITATION/SCOPE OF STUDY
Because of the time constraint, the scope of this investigation was reduced to match Witter’s time frame. As a result, this study was limited to patients at the National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu. As a result, the scope or delimitation of this study’s covering area is National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu.
1.6 THEORY OF HYPOTHESIS
H0 Hepatitis B is common among National Orthopedic Center patients.
Enugu Hospital.
H1 Hepatitis B is not common among patients in National.
Enugu Orthopedic Hospital.
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