SOMATIC AND GENETIC EFFECTS OF LOW SAR 2.45 GHz MICROWAVE RADIATION ON WISTAR RATS
Abstract
On male and female Sprague Dawley rats, the somatic and genetic impacts of 2.45 GHz Microwave radiation (MWR) were investigated. For this investigation, 200 rats were employed. They were divided into control groups and exposed based on the parameters being taken into account. The animals were subjected to a range of specific absorption rates (SARs) using a Toshiba UK Ltd. microwave generator, model ER660E, serial no. MX704CCR. All animals were kept in a radiation-free environment with unlimited access to food and water. The first section of the study examines how MWR affects the animals’ calming and inquisitive behaviors. In the first twelve days following exposure, MWR caused a dose-dependently significant decrease in the total amount of time spent in the open arms of the labyrinth, which then gradually climbed near the control value at the end of two weeks. For the first two weeks following exposure, it also impacts the animals’ exploratory behavior, but by the third week, there was no discernible difference between the exposed mice and the controls. There were no discernible differences between male and female rats, therefore the behavioral changes were not sex related. Second, research was done on how MWR affected both male and female reproductive systems, particularly the essential organs. Using accepted techniques, the sperm count, gross motility, and morphology were assessed. The findings demonstrated that 2.45 GHz MWR increased the percentage of defective sperm cells while decreasing sperm concentration and gross motility. As more sperm cell membranes in the exposed group took up the eosin-nigrosin vital stain, there was an increase in dead sperm cells and a decrease in the weights of the reproductive organs. Finally, chromosomal abnormalities, single cell gel electrophoresis (comet test), and direct amplification of length polymorphisms (DALP) were used to investigate the genotoxic effects of MWR. Between the control and exposed groups, there was a discernible rise in the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. Vital mammalian cells were subjected to 2.45 GHz radiation, which changed the band patterns of the exposed animals, particularly in the 40- to 120-bp range. The densitometric gel analysis was used to confirm the extra peaks that appeared in their tail DNA as compared to the control but were not present before exposure to MW. The Olive moment and percent DNA in the tail of the exposed mice differed statistically significantly from control animals (p 0.05). Thus, these results are consistent with the possibility of somatic and genetic consequences from exposure to 2.45 GHz MWR at the examined SARs.
Text Of The Chapter
Title page, Certification, Declaration, Dedication, Acknowledgments, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, List of Tables, List of Plates, and List of Plates
xvi Abstract
First Chapter Introduction
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 The Problem’s Statement 4
1.3 Justification for the Study 4
1.4.1 Purpose and Goals 4
1.4.2 Particular Goals 5
Chapter Two Book Review
2.1 Origin and Spectrum of Microwaves 8 2.2.3 Health 9
2.2.4 Navigation 9
2.2.5 Power 9
2.3 Interactions of Microwave with Biological Materials 10
2.3.1 Thermal Mechanisms of Interaction 10
2.3.2 Athermal (Non-thermal) Mechanisms of Interaction 11
2.4 Macroscopic Interactions Molecular Mechanisms in Microscopic Interaction, Chapter 13 23
2.6 Temperature Effects 23
2.5.1 Cellular Interactions 22
2.5.2 Other Interaction Mechanisms
Effects: Strong High-Frequency Fields 26
2.7 Non-ionizing Radiation Radiometry 28
2.8 Radicals Free 29
2.8.2 Nitric Oxide 29 2.8.1 Hydroxyl Radical 30
Superoxide (O2-) at 2.8.3
Hydrogen peroxide 30 (2.8.4)
Trichloromethyl (CCI3), section 2.8.5
Free radicals and DNA lesion in Section 2.8.6
2.9 A Biological Mechanism That Is Probable 31
2.10 Non-human Studies 32
2.10.1 Thermoregulatory Responses to RF radiation 32
2.10.2 Reproductive Effects 33
2.10.4 Nervous System 35
2.10.5 Molecular, Subcellular and Cellular Effects 37
2.11 Genetic Toxicology 37
2.12 Epidemiological Investigations Methods And Materials In Chapter Three
3.1 Microwave (MW) Source Calibration 42
3.2 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Calculation 42
3.3 Preparations for Animals and Samples 42
3.4 Studies of Behavior 43
3.4.1 Study of Exploratory Behavior Activity 43
3.4.2 Study of Anxiolytic Activity 43
Elevated Plus Maze Study, Section 3.4.2.1
Y-Maze Study 44, Section 3.4.2.2
3.5 Studies on Fertility 46
3.5.1 The Specimens’ Weight 46
Semen Collection 46 3.5.2
Sperm motility research, 3.5.3
Sperm Morphology Study, Section 3.5.4
Sperm Count: 3.5.5, 47
3.5.6 Research on the reproductive organs’ histopathology 47
3.6 Study of Chromosomal Aberration in Rat Bone Marrow
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Assay, Section 3.7.1
3.7.1 Blood Cell Washing and DNA Extraction 48
Lysis of WBC and other Organs (3.7.2) 48
3.7.3 DNA Precipitation and Phenol Extraction 49
3.8 DNA Sample Quantification 49
49 Primers, 3. 9
3.10 Electrophoresis and Amplification 49
3.11 Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay) 50
Results And Conclusion Of Chapter Four
4.1 Calibration and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Determination 53
Microwave radiation has 4.2 Effects on the Behavioural Study 53
4.2.1 Microwave Effects on Exploratory Behavior 53
4.2.2 Microwave Radiation’s Impacts on the Elevated Plus Maze and Y-Maze Studies
Animal reproductive organs and microwave exposure: 4.3 Effects 66
After being exposed to MW radiation, Wistar rats’ body and organ weights were affected, according to 4.3.1.
67 4.3.2 Microwave Radiation’s Effects on Spermatozoa Parameters
Effects of MW Radiation on Histopathology Study, section 4.3.3
Effects of Microwave Radiation on Chromosomal Research, Section 4.4
4.5 Microwaves’ Genotoxic Effects 86
Direct amplification of Length Polymorphisms (DALP) Analysis of Microwave Effects on DNA
4.5.2 Effects of microwave radiation on comet assay 87
4.6 Final Thoughts and Advice 105
Publications 108 Appendix 132
Number Of Figures
Figure Title Page
The electromagnetic spectrum (1.1) 2
Thermistor Resistance Variation with Temperature (Calibration Curve): 4.1
4.2 Rectal Temperature Variation with Time 58
SAR Variation with Mass: 4.3
Male rat exploration behavior after exposure to microwaves: 4.4 effects 59
4.5 Microwave Effects on Female Rats’ Exploratory Behavior 59
Male Rats Spent 4.6% of Their Time in EPM’s Arms 62
Female Rats Spent 4.7% of Their Time in EPM’s Arms 62
4.8% of Male Rats’ Time in the Y-Maze’s Open Arms 65
4.9% of Female Rats’ Time in the Y-Maze’s Open Arms 65
4.10 Change in Body Weights during a Four Week Period (Male) 69
4.11 Change in Female Body Weights during a Period of Four Weeks 69
4.12 Relative organ weight four weeks after exposure (Male) 72
4.13 Relative organ weight four weeks after exposure (Female) 72
4.14 Variations in the morphology of the semen cells four weeks after exposure
Four weeks after exposure, there were variations in the gross sperm motility (4.15.17)
4.16 Variations in Sperm Life/Dead Sperm Percentages Four Weeks After Exposure 75
4.17 Differences in Sperm Counts Four Weeks After Exposure 75
Male rats’ various chromosomal aberrations are described in 4.18
4.19 Alterations in Female Rat Chromosomal Aberrations 85
4.20 Analysis of male and female blood DNA using densitometry. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 94
4.21 Densitometric study of the DNA in the brains of men and women. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 95 4.22 Densitometric analysis of lung DNA from male and female subjects. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. Male and female cardiac DNA was analyzed by densitometric tracking in 96. Lane a represents the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J represent the DNA of animals who were exposed. Densitometric study of the liver DNA from male and females, 97 4.24. Lane a represents the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J represent the DNA of animals who were exposed. DNA from ovary 98 4.25A densitometric track analysis. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. DNA from the testis was analyzed using 99 4.25B densitometric tracks. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 99
4.26 Densitometric analysis of renal DNA from male and female. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 100
Male and female Tails DNA prior to exposure, densitometric track analysis, peak 1 alone. 101
4.27B Prostate DNA track analysis using densitometry. Lane a represents the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J represent the DNA of animals who were exposed. 101
4.28 Densitometric analysis of thyroid DNA from male and female. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 102
4.29 Densitometric study of DNA from the spleens of men and women. Lane an is the DNA of the control, while Lanes b–J are those of the exposed animals. 103
4.30 The mean + SD of the DNA content in the tail following exposure to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz 104
4.31 The median plus standard deviation of Olive instant following exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation 104
Number Of Tables
Male rats spent a total of 60 minutes in the Elevated Plus Maze, according to Table Title Page 4.1.
The total amount of time that the female rats spent in the elevated plus maze was 4.2.
Male rats spent 4.3 minutes total in the Elevated Y-Maze 63.
The total amount of time that the female rats spent in the Elevated Y-Maze 64 was 4.4.
Effects of microwave radiation exposure on the typical weight of male rats, section 4.5, number 68
Effects of microwave radiation exposure on female rats’ average weight, section 4.6, number 68
4.7 Effect of exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the weight of the reproductive organs and other visceral important organs in mature male Sprague Dawley rats four weeks after exposure 70 4.8 Effect of exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the weight of the reproductive organs and other important organs in mature female Sprague Dawley rats four weeks after exposure 71 4.9 Semen parameters four weeks after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation had an impact on mature male Sprague Dawley rats. 73
Numbering Plates
Plate Title Page 4.1A A female control group kidney micrograph 78 4.1B 78.4°C kidney micrograph for SAR 0.48 W/kg (female) renal micrograph for female SAR 1.43 W/kg at 78 4.1D female kidney micrograph for SAR 1.91 W/kg 78 4.1E Kidney Micrograph for Female SAR 2.39 W/kg Female, 79 4.1F liver micrograph for control group; female, 79 4.1G liver micrograph for SAR 0.95 W/kg. 79 4.1H Liver Micrograph for Female SAR 1.43 W/kg 79.4.1I Liver micrograph for SAR of 1.91 W/kg in females; 80.4.1J Liver micrograph for SAR of 2.39 W/kg in females; 80.4.1K Ovary micrograph for control group in females; 80.4.1L Ovary micrograph for SAR of 0.48 W/kg in females; 80.4.1M Ovarian micrographs for SARs of 0.95 W/kg (female), 1.43 W/kg (female), and 1.91 W/kg (female) are shown in Figures 81.4.1N–81.4.1P, respectively. Female ovary micrograph for SAR 2.39 W/kg 81 4.1Q Male control group testis micrograph, 82 4.1R Male testis micrograph for SAR 0.48 W/kg 82 4.1S Testicular micrograph for SAR 0.95 W/kg (male) 82 4.1T Testicular micrograph for SAR 1.43 W/kg (male) 82 4.1U Testicular micrograph for SAR 1.91 W/kg (male) 83 4.1V Male control group liver micrograph, 83 4.1W SAR 0.48, 0.95, and 1.43 W/kg (male) liver micrograph SAR of the liver at 1.91 and 2.39 W/kg (male) in 83 4.1X micrograph Blood DNA hybridization in male and female rats, 834.2. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). Rats’ male and female brain DNA hybridized at the rate of 89 4.3. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). 89 4.4 Lung DNA hybridization in male and female rats. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). Heart DNA hybridization in male and female rats, 90 4.5. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). 90 4.6 Rats’ male and female liver DNA hybridization. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). DNA hybridization in the ovary, number 91. B. Testicular DNA hybridization.
Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). Rats’ male and female kidney DNA hybridized at a rate of 914.8. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). Rats, both male and female, with hybridized prostate and control tail DNA.
Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). 92 4.10 Rats’ male and female thyroid DNA hybridization. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane D “J (exposed animals). 93 4.11 Spleen DNA hybridization in male and female rats. Keep an eye out for additional bands in lane b “j (exposed animals). 93
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