CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The United Nations Security Council authorizes peace operations by a nine-to-five vote of the fifteen permanent members: the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Since the end of the Cold War, the Security Council has authorized more than fifty peacekeeping missions.
Peacekeeping forces are sent by the United Nations to prevent or control fighting, stabilize post-conflict zones, aid in the implementation of peace agreements, and support democratic transitions. The UN proposes the following peace-building activities to attain those objectives:
Ex-combatants’ disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration; Landmine disposal and related activities; Rule-of-law activities; Human rights protection and promotion; Electoral assistance; Support for the restoration of state authority; and Promotion of social and economic recovery and development.
UN peacekeepers, on the other hand, are increasingly being deployed to combat zones where not all of the major parties have agreed, like in Mali and eastern DRC. International pressure is also rising for peacekeepers to adopt a more assertive role in protecting civilians. UN peacekeepers have been tasked with offensive operations against designated enemy fighters, notwithstanding the principle of impartiality, like in Mali and the DRC. In a new CFR analysis, George Washington University’s Paul D. Williams writes, “Contemporary missions have often blurred the lines dividing peacekeeping, stabilization, counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, atrocity prevention, and state-building.”
In order to assess the efficacy of a UN mission, it is necessary to look into the structure and how peacekeeping operations are manned and supported.
The countries that deploy the most troops to UN peacekeeping missions are Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, while the United States sends the least. Some of these issues were revealed in a 2014 internal evaluation of peacekeeping tactics linked to civilian protection. Peacekeepers failed to safeguard civilians on multiple occasions, according to researchers. The findings infuriated countries that provide over $8 billion to the UN’s yearly peacekeeping budget, while troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) demanded increases to the reimbursement rates their soldiers get for participating in UN missions, which had not grown in more than a decade. (Countries that provide soldiers are reimbursed a little more than $1,000 a month by the UN, and AMISOM personnel currently receive roughly the same allowances as UN peacekeepers.) In their aspirations to become permanent members of the Security Council, India and Brazil both noted their countries’ manpower commitments to UN peacekeeping, African leaders and UN officials have asked for African forces to play a stronger role in ensuring the continent’s peace and security, but budget limits persist. While the United Nations has a set budget for peacekeeping, the African Union must constantly look for donors to fund its missions, including the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States. AU member states contribute only 2.3 percent of the AU’s budget. “Countries with better developed military capabilities—countries from the OECD—must return to peacekeeping in a way that they haven’t done in recent years” — Brookings Institution’s Bruce Jones “The AU always needs external support when it sends a mission,” adds Williams of GWU. As a result, the African Union (AU) is unable to quickly deploy or sustain troops in the region.
In Africa, peacekeeping operations are increasingly collaborating between the UN and the African Union. AMISOM member states, for example, deploy troops in Somalia, while the UN provides finance, training, logistics, and planning assistance. In Darfur, UNAMID, a UN-AU hybrid force, absorbed and expanded a mission that was previously headed purely by the AU.
The study’s goal is to look into UN peacekeeping in Africa, its effectiveness, and its issues.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The goal of this study is to evaluate UN peacekeeping in Africa, including its effectiveness and problems. The goal of the study is to look into the character and operations of UN peacekeeping in Africa.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
to assess UN peacekeeping operations in Africa
determining the mission’s efficacy
to figure out what the issue is
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What does UN PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA entail?
What is the issue that has arisen?
What is the mission’s effectiveness?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. The study will assess the nature and status of UN peacekeeping operations in Africa.
2. It will define its goals and highlight the obstacles it faces.
3. The research will provide as a reliable source of information on UN peacekeeping operations in Africa.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0 UN peacekeeping operations in Africa are insignificant.
H0 In Africa, the number of issues experienced by UN peacekeeping forces is modest.
H0 In Africa, the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping is ineffective.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will concentrate on the evaluation of UN peacekeeping operations in Africa. It will determine the mission’s issues and effectiveness.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MANDATE OF THE UN:
The United Nations Security Council authorizes peace operations by a nine-to-five vote of the fifteen permanent members: the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Since the end of the Cold War, the Security Council has authorized more than fifty peacekeeping missions.
Peacekeeping forces are sent by the United Nations to prevent or control fighting, stabilize post-conflict zones, aid in the implementation of peace agreements, and support democratic transitions. The UN proposes the following peacebuilding activities to attain these objectives:
Ex-combatants’ disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration; Landmine disposal and related activities; Rule-of-law activities; Human rights protection and promotion; Electoral assistance; Support for the restoration of state authority; and Promotion of social and economic recovery and development
REFERENCE
1. Tom Woodhouse, Tamara Duffey, and others (eds).
(New) International Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping.
UNITARPOCI, UNITARPOCI, UNITARPOCI, UNITARPOCI, UNITARPOCI, UNITARPOCI
Ibid., p.23. 2. Ibid., p.23.
3. Identifier
4. Capacity Building for Crisis Management in Africa, by CA Maj Gen Garba (Lagos: Gabumo Publishing Limited, 1998), p. 149.
‘ECOMOG Peacekeeping Operations in Liberia: Effects of Political Stability in West Africa,’ by Nwolise OBC.
‘Sub-Region’ in the African Peace Review Journal for Peace Research and Conflict Resolution, Vol. 1, No. 1. (Abuja, 1997),
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