Assessment Of The Defense System In Diabetic Rats Treated With Aqueous Leaves Extract Of Terminalia Catappa

Assessment Of The Defense System In Diabetic Rats Treated With Aqueous Leaves Extract Of Terminalia Catappa

Chapter One

Preface

The frequence nature ofmicro-organisms caused the mortal body to develop a natural defense system against the adverse goods of these organisms( Pick et al, 2008). A complex network of technical cells, glands, organs, specialized proteins and molecular couriers make up the body defense system which is generally known as the “ IMMUNE SYSTEM ”, and this vulnerable system prevents bacteria, fungi, contagions, spongers and any other external antibodies from over multiplying inside the body and inflicting detriment to the body system and processes( Godfrey et al, 2006).

The vulnerable system which is the body’s natural defense system against overrunning pathogens protects the body from infection and works to communicate an individual well being through a complex network of connected cells and cytokines( Tang et al, 2009). This system has the power to initiate a wide range of cellular responses with the capability to directly attack an overrunning organism or signal cells to begin the mending processes( Gartner and Hiatt, 2007).

Although this system is an associated host defense, an unbridled vulnerable system has the implicit to spark negative complications in the host( Walter 2007; Kushner, 2003). thus, well controlled regulation of the vulnerable system is necessary in order to help autoimmune responses from being( Morran et al, 2008).

In order to cover the body against foreign pathogens, the vulnerable system has developed throughout elaboration to fete the difference between the ‘ Self andnon-self ’ cells. The capability to come tone – tolerant toward the body’s own proteins and antigens is critical to maintaining a duly performing vulnerable system( Bruce et al, 2010). An vulnerable system that loses forbearance to the “ tone ” cells loses capability to separate between “ musketeers ” and “ foes ” in immunological battles( Kushner, 2003; Walter, 2007). This loss of forbearance leads the vulnerable system towards autoimmune responses, in which the body attacks itself, thereby causing substantial damage to the tone, indeed inflicting unrecoverable damage( Litman et al, 2005).

The vulnerable system is composed of two unique factors or branches, each with its own liabilities. The ingrain vulnerable system is the body’s first- line of defense against overrunning pathogens. This system recognizes common structural factors of pathogens and elicits vulnerable response to signal the presence of pathogens and infections( Mayer, 2006). The adaptive vulnerable system is the body’s alternate- line of defense and especially targets linked pathogens. This system is antigen – specific and generates immunological memory within the host, which allows for more effective pathogen concurrence upon reprise exposure to the same pathogens( Agerbeth and Gudmundson, 2011). Although, these two vulnerable systems are nominated different branches of the vulnerable system, they must work together as one unified system to cover the body( Ogawa and Calhoun, 2010).

The vulnerable system protects the host, but it also posses the capability to harm the host as well. multitudinous autoimmune conditions have been characterized overtime( Godfrey et al, 2006; Pick up et al, 2008; Morran et al, 2008). The result of the autoimmune system leads to alternations in the functioning of the vulnerable system, due to genetics, cellular malfunctions or cell signaling functions and this in turn, leads to the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions like diabetes mellitus( Von and Oldstone, 1997).

Diabetes mellitus is a complaint characterized by the body’s incapability to directly maintain normal blood glucose situations, leading to multiple mischievous goods( Shoback et al, 2011). Insulin is an important hormone in glucose metabolism. When insulin is released, it signals cells to take upglucose.However, blood glucose position remains elevated and this is nominated hyperglycemia( Rother 2007), If the body is unfit to produce insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune complaint, in which the vulnerable system targets and destroys the insulin – producing beta cells set up in the Islands of Langerhans in the pancreas( Delovitch and Singh, 2012). Without insulin, individualities develop the clinical pattern of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by bus- antibody product and progressive infiltration of vulnerable cells into the Islands of Langerhans in the pancreas, followed by the destruction of the Islands cells( Bardsley and Want, 2004). Studies using mortal and murine models of diabetes have demonstrated that, the autoimmune destructive process in diabetes mellitus occurs in a cell – intermediated organ – specific manner( Nepom, 1995; Yoon and Jun, 2001).

Diabetes mellitus is a habitual complaint, for which there’s no given cure except in veritably specific situations( Janeway, 2007). Medically, the operation of diabetes mellitus concentrates on keeping the blood sugar situations as close to normal( euglycemia) as possible, without causing hypoglycemia( Delovitch and Singh, 2012). This can generally be fulfilled with diet, exercise and the use of applicable specifics( insulin). Diabetes mellitus is generally managed with a combination of regular neutral Protamine Hagedorn( NPH) insulin or Synthetic insulin analogs( Ripson et al, 2009).

Despite the medical development to check the increased cases of diabetes, it in still frequence in the society, hence, this design work “ Assessment of the defense system in diabetic rats treated with waterless leaves excerpt of Terminalia catappa ”, to find out if there’s a restorative agent in the leave of Terminalia catappa grounded on the recent report of Ahmed et al,( 2005) on the leaves.

The universal part of shops in the treatment of complaint is instanced by their employment in all major systems of drug irrespective of the underpinning philosophical premise( Cunningham et al, 2005). There’s a great wealth of knowledge concerning the medicinal, narcotic and other parcels of shops that’s transmitted orally from generation to generation by ethnical societies, particularly those of Tropical Africa, Asia, North and South America and the pacific countries( Duke, 2002).

Ahmed et al( 2005) reported that, the leaves of Terminalia catappa contain several flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpiniod and phytosterols. Due to the below chemical uproariousness, the leaves are used in different traditional drugs for colorful purposes worldwide. They also reported the biochemical goods of administering Terminalia catappa Linn waterless and cold splint excerpts, orally and showed that it caused the rejuvenescence of the Beta cells of the Islands of Langerhans, dropped blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low viscosity lipoprotein( LDL), creatinine, urea and alkaline phosphatase situations, while adding the high viscosity lipoprotein( HDL) position in diabetes mellitus( Nyarko and Addy, 1997). still, not much is reported about the colorful blood cells involve in the body defense system.

Aim Of The Study

Considering the development of diabetes mellitus to be vulnerable system related, it come of interest to find out what could be the possible state of the body defense system comparatively in diabetic andnon-diabetic conditions.

Compass Of The Study

The study will cover the aspect of discriminational white blood cell count and serum globulin situations as a primary disquisition on the body defense system.