Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of Environmental Sanitation In The Control Of Malaria

Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of Environmental Sanitation In The Control Of Malaria

Chapter One

Preface

Background Of The Study

Malaria still remains a significant public health problem especially in low and middle income countries. According to the World Health Organisation( WHO), malaria transmission in Nigeria is abysmally high with over 76 of the population reporting further than 1 case per 1,000 populations annually. There was a lower than 50 drop in projected prevalence of malaria from 2000 – 2015. Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo account for further than 35 of the global aggregate of estimated malaria deaths.

Malaria is basically caused by protozoa( Plasmodium species) and is transmitted through the bite of an infected womanish Anopheles mosquito( Mwangangi etal., 2013). Within the tropics andsub-tropics, mortal malaria is seen to be the most wide spread vector- borne complaint( Ahmad etal., 2011). Available statistics have proved that malaria is largely aboriginal in Nigeria with over 90 of the crowd at threat of infection. It’s the high cause of 60 inpatient discussion for all age groups and at least half of the Nigerian crowd are exposed to at least one bout of malaria attack every time( IdowuJ., 2012).

An integrative approach has been recommended to alleviate the spread of malaria spongers. One of similar strategy or approach is the Integrated Vector Management( IVM) through a combination of natural and chemical styles. It’s aimed at perfecting ecological soundness and sustainability for the control of vector borne conditions, ameliorate efficacity and cost effectiveness( Zacchaeus and Amadi, 2012). From a trio perspective which includes the agent, host and terrain, experimenters and scholars have encouraged the source reduction, elimination and eradication of mosquitoes breeding spots by concentrating on the terrain. These tend to be essential because, the proliferation of mosquitoes continually immortalize the transmission of malaria. So, it can be supposed that if the sources of mosquitoes breeding spots is canceled or excluded, malaria would be drastically reduced. This implies that good environmental sanitation practices could help alleviate malaria transmission, promote wholesomeness and ameliorate quality of life of the crowd.

In its ultramodern conception, terrain includes not only water, air and soil but also the social and profitable conditions under which we live( Park, 2011). The key to man ‟ s health lies largely in his terrain. In fact, much of man ‟ s ill- health can be traced to adverse environmental factors similar as water, soil and air pollution, poor casing conditions, presence of beast force and nonentity vectors of conditions which pose pitfalls to man ‟ s health. frequently, man is responsible for the pollution of his terrain through urbanization, industrialization and other mortal conditioning.

According to the National Sanitation Foundation of USA, the word sanitation is defined as a „„ way of life that’s expressed in the clean home, ranch, business, neighborhoods and community( Park, 2011). Also, World Health Organization( WHO) defines sanitation as the provision of installations and services for the safe disposal of mortal urine and faeces( UNICEF AND WHO, 2012).

Environmental hazards are responsible for about a quarter of the total burden of complaint worldwide and as much as 30 in regions similar assub-Saharan Africa. As numerous as 13 million deaths can be averted every time by making our surroundings healthier. These data and numbers punctuate the impact of environmental factors on public health. further than2.4 billion people in the world presently warrant access to acceptable sanitation and are forced to dispose of their excreta in unimproved and unsanitary conditions. Those who suffer from this, warrant utmost introductory mortal requirements and also tend to be victims of poverty, ill health and an overall poor quality of life( WHO, 2013).

In developing countries like Nigeria, the main conditions of the terrain are diarrhoeal complaint, lower respiratory infections, unintentional injuries, and malaria. In children under the age of five, one third of all complaint is caused by the environmental factors similar as unsafe water and air pollution( WHO, 2010). The poor state of food sanitation in the country has been shown to play a significant part in the etiology of food borne conditions. One of the most significant conditions that arise from poor sanitation is diarrhea. Deaths performing from diarrhea are estimated to be between1.6 and2.5 million every time( WHO, 2012). National records show that every time, about six hundred thousand( 600,000) occurrences of diarrhoea do in children under the age of five( Alabi, 2010).

also, there have been adding figures of cases of cholera over the times. From January to December 2010, Nigeria reported 41,787 cases including 1,716 deaths from 222 Original Government Areas( LGAs) in 18 States of the country. The most affected countries were Borno, Bauchi and Katsina. In addition to the complaint burden, Nigeria loses about N455 billion annually which is original to1.3 of Gross Domestic Product( GDP), due to poor sanitation as reported by water and sanitation program of the World Bank( Vanguard 2013). utmost of the affected are youthful children below the periods of five. Other conditions that are caused by poor sanitation include schistosomiasis, trachoma, soil transmitted helminthiases, and malaria( WHO, 2013).

One of the essential public health care rudiments is provision of safe drinking water and sanitation. still, deposit of faecal matter near homes, impurity of sources of drinking water( occasionally caused by inadequately designed or maintained sewage system), jilting of garbage and sweeping into the gutters, defecating and disposing of faeces by the road corners and aqueducts and selling of food stuffs and cooked food by the road side are all unwholesome practices that pose implicit threat to the development of conditions. Water volume is as important as water quality. Washing of hands after defecation and before preparing food is of particular significance in reducing complaint transmission, as has been demonstrated by Nigeria ‟ s recent control over Ebola Viral complaint. Poor casing also contributes to poor terrain health and its consequent input in the health of the civic residers. Measures for the forestallment of cholera substantially correspond of furnishing clean water and proper sanitation to populations who don’t yet have access to introductory services. Health education and good food hygiene are inversely important.

The environmental sanitation- related conditions exacer- bate poverty by dwindling productivity and ménage income. In addition, the public cost of lost productivity, reduced educational eventuality and huge restorative health costs constitute a major drain on the original and public frugality. either, a dirty terrain with its attendant health consequences, prevailing in utmost of our metropolises, can discourage excursionists investors and undermine the profitable benefit of tourism to the country. Accordingly, wide- ranging conduct are needed to break Environmental Sanitation problems in order to reduce and forestall their adverse health, profitable and experimental goods.

Statement Of The Problem

shy sanitation is a major cause of complaint world-wide and perfecting sanitation is known to have a significant salutary impact on health both in homes and across communities. The word’ sanitation’ also refers to the conservation of aseptic conditions through services similar as scrap collection and waste- water disposal. In addition, environmental sanitation according to World Health Organization is the control of all those factors in man ‟ s physical terrain which exercise or may exercise a injurious effect on his physical development, health and survival. It could also be seen as the principle and practice of effecting healthy and aseptic conditions in the terrain to promote public health and weal, ameliorate quality of life and insure a sustainable terrain( Alabi, 2010). The essential factors of environmental sanitation include solid waste operation; medical waste operation; excreta and sewage operation; food sanitation; aseptic examination of demesne; request and abattoir sanitation; acceptable drinkable water force; academy sanitation; pest and vector control; operation of civic drainage; control of reared and slapdash creatures; disposal of the dead creatures; weed and foliage control; hygiene education and creation.

In utmost developing countries acceptable environmental sanitation has not been rigorously stuck to. For illustration in some corridor of Nigeria, living with waste as part of the natural terrain has come a way of life. Although there has been a remarkable enhancement from what it used to be in the late eighties/ early nineties, there’s still important to be done as Lagos, our “ Nigerian Centre of Excellence ”, has been depicted a vast slum( Alabi, 2010). In the United States, slum is frequently used to relate to marginalized neighborhoods, but in developing countries, it generally means a agreement erected in or near a megacity by residers themselves, without sanctioned authorization or regulation. similar casing units are generally unacceptable, and the structure and services range from missing to extemporized. thus, the study focuses on the assessment of the effectiveness if environmental sanitation in the control of Malaria in Abeokuta megalopolis.

Objects Of The Study

The general ideal is to carry out an assessment of the effectiveness of environmental sanitation in the control of malaria, using Abeokuta megalopolis as a case study. The specific objects are

1. To ascertain if occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis know the counteraccusations of magpie waste disposal in their terrain.

2. To find out the position of effectiveness in the control and operation of waste in Abeokuta megalopolis.

3. To know the rate of malaria infection among occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis.

4. To probe if occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis borrow an effective environmental sanitation.

5. To examine the effect of environmental sanitation on the spread of malaria among occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis.

Exploration Questions

The applicable exploration questions related to this study are

1. Do occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis know the counteraccusations of magpie waste disposal in their terrain?

2. What’s the position of effectiveness in the control and operation of waste in Abeokuta megalopolis?

3. What’s the rate of malaria infection among occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis?

4. Do occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis borrow an effective environmental sanitation?

5. What’s the effect of environmental sanitation on the spread of malaria among occupants of Abeokuta megalopolis?

Significance Of The Study

Considering the significant of the terrain on the control and forestallment of malaria, this study was aimed at assessing environmental sanitation practices on malaria forestallment and control caddy Abeokuta megalopolis. The findings in this study are also important to the government because it elucidates the need for government to give an effective waste operation and control scheme.

This study will enhance the being body of literature by meaning the areas of the literature that haven’t yet been examined or considered and incorporating these factors into the current study. The study will therefore form the base for farther studies in the field.

Compass Of The Study

The compass of this study is limited to the assessment of the effectiveness of environmental sanitation in the control of malaria. Due to fiscal and time