Influence Of Information Sources On Farmers Knowledge And Usage Of Poultry Drugs In Edo And Delta States, Nigeria.

Influence Of Information Sources On Farmers Knowledge And Usage Of Poultry Drugs In Edo And Delta States, Nigeria.

Table Of Contents

Title runner———- i

Instrument———- ii

Fidelity———- iii

Acknowledgment——— iv

Table of contents———- v

List of tables———– ix

Abstract———- xi

Chapter One

Background of the Study——– 1

Problem statement——— 8

objects of the study——- 10

thesis of the study——- 10

defense of the study——- 11

Chapter Two

Literature Review——– 13

Information——— 13

Agricultural Information——- 15

Agrarian Information Sources——- 18

Constraints to Agricultural Information—— 19

Knowledge——— 23

Poultry Health——– 27

. Flesh medicines and Vaccines——- 35

Flesh medicines Vacuity and operation—– 52

Constraints to Poultry Production—— 69

CHAPTER THREE

exploration Methodology——- 71

Study Area and compass——- 71

Population for the Study——- 75

slice Size and slice fashion—– 75

Data Collection Instrument——- 76

dimension of Variables——- 76

Data Analysis——— 78

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

-profitable Characteristics of the Poultry growers— 79

particular Characteristics of Repliers—– 79

ranch Characteristics of the Repliers—– 83

Institution Characteristics of Repliers Connections with Extension Agent 87

Repliers Access and Preferred Information Sources

on Poultry medicines operation——- 90

Flesh medicine Use Information Available to and espoused by

Repliers——— 93

growers mindfulness/ Knowledge position of Flesh medicines 98

Respondent’s station to operation of Vaccines and medicines 101

Respondent’s Perception of medicines operation—- 103

Repliers Constraints in espousing Recommended

Vaccines operation Practices——- 105

Constraints in disaffection medicine Information by Repliers— 108

thesis 1 relationship between the socio- profitable characteristics of flesh

growers and their Access to colorful Sources of Information– 110

thesis 2 Relationship between Socio- Economic Characteristics of Poultry

growers and Preferred Sources of Information on Poultry medicines– 114

thesis 3 Relationship between Source of Information and the use of Poultry medicines among Repliers—— 117

thesis 4 Relationship between Repliers mindfulness on the goods of

Flesh medicines operation and their Access to colorful Sources of Information 119

thesis 5 Relationship between Socio- Economic Characteristics and the Constraints Repliers Face in Sourcing Information 121

thesis 6 Relationship between source of information and the constraints Repliers faced in sourcing information—- 123

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION– 125

Summary——— 125

. Conclusion———– 127

. Recommendations——– 127

References———- 129

excursus 1 Questionnaire——– 137

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Socio-profitable Characteristics of the Repliers 82

Table 2 ranch Characteristics of the Farmers—– 86

Table 3 Institutional Characteristics of the Repliers—- 89

Table 4 Repliers Access and Preferred Information Sources

on Poultry medicine operation——- 92

Table 5 medicines Use Information Available to and espoused by Repliers-94

Table 6 growers mindfulness/ Knowledge position of Flesh medicines 99

Table 7 Respondent’s station to operation of Vaccines and medicines 102

Table 8 Repliers ’ Perception of medicines operation—– 104

Table 9 Repliers Constraints in espousing Recommended

Vaccine operation Practices——- 106

Table 10 Repliers Constraints in espousing Recommended Vaccines operation Practices——— 109

Table 11 Relationship between the socio profitable characteristics of flesh growers

and their access to colorful sources of information—- 113

Table 12 Categorization of Repliers Grounded on frequence of Preferred Source of Information on Poultry Drug Use—– 115

Table 13Relationship between Socio- Economic Characteristics of Poultry Farmers and Preferred Sources of information on Poultry medicines– 116

Table14 Relationship between source of information and use of flesh medicines among Repliers——– 118

Table 15 Relationship between Repliers mindfulness of Effect of Poultry medicine operation and their Access to colorful Sources of in conformation 120

Table 16 Relationship between Socio Economic Characteristics and Constraints to Sourcing Information——- 122

Table 17 Relationship Between Source of Information and Constraints Faced in Sourcing Information——- 124

ABSTRACT

A nation’s capacity for industrialization and employment depends on her enhancement in position of product enhanced by available information. This is necessary for promoting entrepreneurship in agrarian metamorphosis docket for food security and poverty relief in Nigeria. This study assessed the influence of information source on flesh growers knowledge and operation of medicines in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. Amulti-stage slice procedure was used to solicit response from 120 and repliers from Edo and Delta States independently with the aid of a well structured questionnaire. Data were anatomized using frequence counts, probabilities and mean while the thesis was tested using chi-square analysis. Result showed that maturity(64.1) and(63.8) of the flesh growers in Edo and Delta States independently, were males, with maturity(52.3) and(53.8) of the repliers in Edo and Delta States independently been married. The result further showed that flesh growers preferred neigbhours and retailers( dealers) as part of their available sources of flesh medicines information sources which lead to a bit increase in the position of mindfulness about flesh medicine operation. But the relinquishment of these practices was low when compared with their mindfulness; this was due to constrains in sourcing the flesh medicines. Repliers weren’t so knowledgeable in flesh medicine operation(6.3.44.5) and(6.3-60.0) in both countries. There was a significant relationship between the repliers ’ position of knowledge about flesh medicine operation and their educational attainments, flesh husbandry experience flesh size, growers ’ class of association and contact with extension agents. This study concludes that though some of the flesh medicine information sources were available, they tend to increase the growers ’ position of mindfulness, but the relinquishment rates tend to reduce due to the constraints faced in disaffection and espousing this in terms of relinquishment of principles in medicine operation.

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Worldwide, further cravens are kept than any other type of flesh, with over 50 billion catcalls being raised each time as source of meat and eggs.( Card and Leslie, 1961) Traditionally, similar catcalls would have been kept considerably in small flocks, rustling during the day and housed at night, this is still the case in developing countries, where the women frequently make important benefactions to family livelihoods through keeping flesh, still, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of product being in larger, more ferocious specialist units. These are frequently positioned close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is demanded, and affect in cheap, safe food being made available for civic communities.( Eriksson and Larson, 2008)

The African traditional way of rearing beast firstly uses lower of synthetic medicines, although the catcalls raised are hardy in nature. There’s thus the need for the use of veterinary knowledge of original growers as a base for the development of organic druthers of beast product.( Adler and Jerry, 2012)

Indigenous knowledge has gone a long way over the times to insure minimum livelihoods for the pastoral resource-poor people in Nigeria. utmost small- holder growers that ask to borrow ultramodern practices of beast health care are constrained by lack of finance and attainability of consultancy advice from veterinary officers in remote townlets( Kolawole, 2001)

According to Eurostat,( 2012) it was stated in value terms, that the EU- 27’s crop affair grew by9.1 in 2011 to EUR 203,330 million and beast affair increased by9.9 to EUR 154,057 million and lately there has been a remarkable interest in beast product.

Flesh husbandry has multitudinous benefits; as a result numerous growers prefer to invest in it. People generally establish flesh ranch for the purpose of producing eggs, meat and generating high profit from these products. Billions of cravens are being raised throughout the world as a good source of food from their eggs and meat. still, then I’m shortly describing the main benefits of flesh husbandry. The main benefit of flesh husbandry is, it does n’t bear high capital for starting. It does n’t bear a big space unless you’re going to start commercially. It also ensures high return of investment within a veritably short period. Some flesh catcalls like toaster cravens take shorter duration of time to develop and generating profit.

The significance of the flesh assiduity can not be over emphasized, because of the vital places it plays in mortal nutrition and creation of employment occasion it provides for the bulging population. The assiduity if asked attention is paid by government at all situations, flesh assiduity can successfully absorb a large number of jobless youth across the country presently searching for unapproachable jobs. Through its chain ofagro-allied conditioning, marketable feed end risk milling, flesh products processing, flesh marketing, vertinary, medicinals, hatchery operation and breeder husbandry. In addition, the assiduity if duly exercised, can also serve as source of foreign earning, completing the crude oil painting( our present main source of foreign earning) responsible for over 90 of our exportse.g. a product of the assiduity gives about3.5 g of the total7.2 g creatures protein needed for individual salutary need per day. Again,( toaster table meat funk) is the toast of every fast food outlets across the country. This is because funk meat is cholesterol free; compare to red meat beef, mutton, pork, veal, venison and others, which contains cholesterol( a chemical substance), responsible for the adding rate of heart conditions amongst Nigerians in recent times. Among which to be mentioned flesh contribute to GDP and GNP of the country.

likewise, flesh assiduity at the moment is racked by enormous problems. Among which are lack of government backing, lack of credit installation, high cost of feeding constituents, conditions, adding cost of specifics, marketing and lack of storehouse installation. conditions are one of the major challenges to the assiduity, because of the profitable significance of the complaint causing organisms like bacteria, contagion, fungal and protozoan, which flesh catcalls are susceptible to, bringing about ruinous goods to both the flocks and the growers. For case, the outbreak of avian influenza else known as raspberry flu, in2005/2006, led to death of over1.5 million catcalls across the country( Sahara journalist). It’ll be recalled that large number of poor growers lost their means of livelihood, when their flocks were destroyed by government without compensation; yet foreign patron agencies are willing to address the problem of avian influenza stated by( WHO, 2005)

The input of protein in Nigeria stands at3.5 g per caput per day( Ironkwe and Amefule, 2008) and this is far lower than the 35g per caput per day recommended by the World Health Organization(W.H.O), this deficit of beast protein consumption is incompletely due to the high cost of conventional meat sources like cattle, scapegoat, lamb( Tewe, 1999), it is thus necessary to search for a cheaper indispensable source of meat to meet the ever adding demand for beast protein.

Information and communication are essential constituents demanded for effective transfer of technologies that are designed to boost agrarian product. For growers to profit from similar technologies they must first have access to them and learn how to effectively use them in their husbandry systems and practices( Ariyo etal. 2013). This is the responsibility of agrarian extension agencies each over the world. These extension agencies make use of different approaches, means and media in transferring bettered agrarian technologies to growers. Mass media styles in agrarian information dispersion generally, are useful in reaching a wide followership at a veritably fast rate. They’re useful sources of agrarian information to growers and as well constitute styles of notifying growers of new developments and extremities. They could inversely be important in stimulating growers ’ interest in new ideas and practices( Ani etal. 1997). Common sources of agrarian information sources that have been used are the extension services, radio, TV, magazines, review and face to face communication. According to Statrasts,( 2004) this information sources is seen as an institution or individualities that produce or bring about communication and the characteristics of a good information source are applicability, endlessness, delicacy, cost effectiveness trustability, usability exhaustiveness and aggregation position. recently exploration institutions have embraced the ultramodern sources of information similar as internet especially online database, journals and papers that have made information more readily accessible, accurate and timely. These ultramodern sources have been used within exploration institutions and extension service units but their effectiveness in serving information to growers have been blamed. It’s allowed that the ultramodern sources of information have social, education, profitable, artistic and specialized constraints which limits their effectiveness in propagating agrarian information to growers( Bashir, 2008) It’s important to circulate agrarian information to insure growers have acceptable knowledge and chops to address their requirements and sustain product. Research institutions have a responsibility of ensuring that the information they disseminate is packaged in a way that makes it easy for the end-users to understand and to use appropriate dissemination channels that would make the information accessible to the end users (farmers),(Ghobrial and Musa,2006).

Hence, the information supply from extension, research. Education and other sources has become managed by agricultural organizations and especially disseminated to farmers so that they can make better decisions to take advantages of market opportunities and to manage continuous changes in their production systems(Demiryurek,2010) According to Davin (1976) every individual whether literate or non-literate needs information in order to make decisions thus every sector of the population engaged in agriculture needs information. The concept that information is the message has different meanings in different contexts. Luciano Floridi (2010). Thus, the concept of information becomes closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy.

The role of communication boarder on it’s effectiveness which is foundational to socio-economic and political development of a nation. Adekunle and Ogoto (1994), asserted that effective communication is a precondition for sustainable technology transfer in agriculture; and the feed forward- feed back mechanisms

which are essential ingredients in the technology transfer process are only made possible through communication process. A good communicator or information source knows his audience, his wants, needs, message, the effective channel of communication applicable to his audience, prepares his information to be communicated carefully, speaks clearly, uses simple languages that people understand and is aware of the limitation of time. The credibility and technical competence of the communicator (extension agent) will go a long way in people (farmers) putting their trust in him as an authority of valid assertions and a reckoned officer. Hence Torimiro and Akinyemiju (2008) opined that in order to maintain good credibility extension agents need to have adequate knowledge and skill in dealing with people, and that a message is not of no value unease it is understood, accepted by the receiver and creates a motivation to act. Ekumankma and Nwankwo (2002) observed the poor exposure of farmers to appropriate agricultural information as one of the major reasons for low yield recorded by many Nigerian farmers. This have been of great concern to agricultural

communicators, administrators, and policy makers in the country over the years and finds expression in the federal governments’ effort in initiating different agricultural programmes including Agricultural Development Programmes across the country in the last four decades. Uphoff (2000) and Leeuwis (2004) accreting a new societal function for extension said that emphasis/responsibilities have shifted from a function that fostered knowledge and technology transfer between farmers and researchers and among farmers themselves to include more complex tasks of altering interdependencies and co-ordination between various actors, in addition new challenges, problems and development- some of which operate at a larger scale than before (e.g. ecological degradation, globalization and knowledge society) that further complicate matters, hence the issues extension is dealing with now are concerned more broadly with rural resource management- resource in this context include not only water, land, biological process and biophysical inputs, but also human relations, forms of organizations, economic and legal institutions, knowledge or skills. Leeuwis (2004) observed that communication intervention which is seen as different communication services since they essentially define kinds of products that can be delivered by communication workers and at the same time seen as different strategies because they refer also to the way in which communication intervention is supposed to contribute to societal problem solving. Depending on one’s analysis of the problem, one may decide that improving a specific type of service is an appropriate strategy towards improving the situation. Leeuwis (2004) further opined that the term farm management communication is general communication function which can be relevant within different communication services and strategies include: raising awareness; consciousness of predefined issues; exploring views and issues; information provision and training, with corresponding roles of communication workers to include; providing (confrontational) feedback; raising questions; stimulating people to talk (active listening, active learning); translating and structuring information; and educators/trainers. Hence, effective communication can improve farmers’ value for adoption of proven technologies.

Feedback is a critical component of effective communication(Witzany,G 2012).This farmers knowledge on the usage of poultry drugs is either lagging behind in Nigeria or it is not put into practice maximally(UNIDO,CBN,2010)

1.2 Problem Statement

Agriculture, which is production oriented is a field that is always in need of right information and at the right time.(Dileepkumar,2013),this means that both crop and livestock farmers should always be linked to the right information needed in the production process by adequate information sources. Agricultural information can also be seen as an important factor which interacts with the other production factors such as land, labour, managerial ability, the productivity of these other factors can arguably be improved by the relevant, reliable and useful information and knowledge (Demiryurek, 2010).

The problem to lack of or minimal use of drugs observed in poultry production in Nigeria could be linked to information technologies and information sources (information revolution) affecting competitiveness (Porter and Miller,1985).Part of the reason why farmers do not engage in the usage of poultry drugs is that, historically the extension services has been focused on improving production and productivity (Gebremedhi et al,2006) and abandoned the farmers after the harvest. This is why various stakeholders of agriculture need to critically analyse the information sources that are available and accessible to poultry production and also the information needs of the farmers, the structure of the organisations involved in these activities are issues that need to be explored generally(Demiryurek et al,2008) in poultry production specifically.

The problem of the usage of poultry drugs is a great one and emphasis on it cannot be too much at this time when the nations’ agriculture is undergoing transformation in the Agriculture Transformation Agenda (ATA) in the economy of this nation.

The rural/village poultry system in Nigeria typically lacks access to organized health inputs. The structure of the rural poultry production system has constrained attempts to institute health extension services. Small flock size, mixed age and species flock composition, improper housing, scavenging, among other factors have made the use of conventional schedule-oriented health inputs like medication and vaccination difficult.(Kolawole, 2001). This study here will provide answers to the questions that borders on information sources on farmers knowledge and usage of poultry drugs in Edo and Delta states, Nigeria.

Some of the specific questions this research is poised to answer are:

What are the socio-economic characteristics of poultry farmers in Edo and Delta states?

What are the various sources of information on poultry drugs available to respondents in Edo and Delta states?

What are the respondents accesses and preferences for poultry drugs usage information source?

What are the respondents awareness for the effects of poultry drugs usage?

What are the constraints respondents faces in sourcing and adopting poultry drugs information?

Objectives Of The Study

The broad objective of the study is to access the influence of information sources on farmers knowledge and usage of poultry drugs in Edo and Delta states, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to;

identify the social economic characteristics of poultry farmers in the study area;

ascertain respondents on poultry drug information sources, access, preference and usage;

assess respondents’ knowledge on the effects of poultry drugs usage; and

examine constraints respondents face in sourcing and adopting poultry drugs information and in application of poultry drugs.

1.4 Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the social economic characteristics of poultry farmers and their access to various sources of information