Influence Of Information Sources On Farmers Knowledge And Usage Of Poultry Drugs In Edo And Delta States, Nigeria.

Influence Of Information Sources On Farmers Knowledge And Usage Of Poultry Drugs In Edo And Delta States, Nigeria.

Text Of The Chapter

Page title ———-i

Licensure ———-ii

Dedication———-iii

Recognition ———iv

Page number: ———v

Tables list ———–ix

Abbreviation ———-xi

Chapiter 1

1.0 Study Background——–1

Statement of the issue ——– 8

Study objectives ——– 10

The study’s hypothesis is ——– 10

Reasons for the study ——-11

Apartment Two

Review of the Literature 2.0 —— 13

Information ———13 (2.1

2.1.1 Agricultural Data —- 15

2.1.2 Sources of Agricultural Information —– 18

2.1.3 Restrictions on Agricultural Data — 19

2.2Knowledge———23

2.3Health of Poultry ——–27

2.3.1. Drugs and Vaccines for Poultry——-35

Availability and Use of Poultry Drugs —– 52

2.5 Poultry Production Barriers —–69

Section Three

3.0 Research Approach —–71

3.1 Subject Matter and Purpose ——-71

3.2 Study Population——–75

3.3 Sampling Technique and Size —–75

3.4 Data Gathering Tool ——-76

3.5 Variable Measurement ——-76

3.6 Analysis of the Data ——–78

Chapiter Iv

Conclusion And Results

Social and economic traits of poultry farmers: 79

4.1 Respondents’ Personal Qualities — 79

4.2The Respondents’ Farm Characteristics —–83

Contacts with Extension Agents 4.3 Institutional Characteristics of Respondents 87

4.4 Access to and Preferences for Information Sources by Respondents

Regarding the Use of Drugs in Poultry — 90

4.5 Information on Poultry Drug Use Available to and Adopted by

Participants ——– 93

4.6 Awareness and Knowledge of Poultry Drugs by Farmers — 98

Respondents’ Perceptions on the Use of Vaccines and Medicines — 101

Respondents’ Perceptions of Drug Usage, Page 4.8 – 103

4.9 Restrictions on Adopting Recommended by Respondents

Practices for Using Vaccines ——-105

4.10 Restrictions on drug information provided by respondents — 108

Relationship between the socioeconomic traits of poultry, according to 4.11 Hypothesis 1

Farmers’ Access to Information from a Variety of Sources–110

Relationship between Socioeconomic Poultry Characteristics, 4.12 Hypothesis 2

Agriculturalists’ Preferences for Information Sources on Poultry Drugs–114

Relationship between Information Source and Respondent Use of Poultry Drugs (Hypothesis 3) 117

Relationship between Respondents’ Awareness of the Effects of 4.14 Hypothesis 4

Use of Drugs in Poultry and Access to Information from a Variety of Sources 119

Relationship between Socio-Economic Features and the Challenges Respondents Face in Information Sourcing –121 4.15 Hypothesis

4.16: Relationship between the information’s source and the restrictions the respondents had to work within 123

Chapiter 5

Conclusion, summary, and recommendation –125

Summary: 5.1.1 ———125

5.2. Concluding Statement 127

Recommendations 5.3 ——–127

Citations ———-129

Questionnaire in Appendix 1: 137

Number Of Tables

Table 1: Respondents’ Socio-Economic Profiles — 82

Farm Characteristics of the Farmers in Table 2 —–86

Institutional characteristics of the respondents are shown in Table 3 — 89

Table 4 shows the respondents’ preferred and available information sources.

the use of drugs in poultry ——-92

Table 5 shows the information on drug use that respondents had access to and used.

Table 6: Farmers’ Knowledge and Awareness of Poultry Drugs — 99

Table 7 shows respondents’ opinions on using drugs and vaccines.

Respondents’ Perceptions of Drug Use, Table 8 —–104

Table 9: Barriers to Adopting Recommended by Respondents

Practices for Using Vaccines ——-106

Table 10: Respondents’ Barriers to Using Recommendations for Vaccine Usage———109

Table 11: Correlations between poultry farmers’ socioeconomic traits

and their access to several information sources—-113

Table 12: Categorization of Respondents Based on Preference of Information Source for Poultry Drug Use–115

Relationship between Poultry Farmers’ Socioeconomic Profiles and Their Favorite Sources of Information on Poultry Drugs (Table 13) 116

Table14 shows the connection between respondents’ sources of information and their use of poultry medications.

Table 15: Access to Different Information Sources and Respondents’ Awareness of the Impact of Poultry Drug Use—120

Table 16 shows the connections between socioeconomic traits and obstacles to information sourcing.

Table 17: Relationship Between Information Source and Challenges Faced in Information Sourcing ——-124

Abstract

The ability of a country to industrialize and create jobs depends on how much her level of production can be improved with the help of available information. This is required to advance the agricultural transformation agenda in Nigeria for food security and poverty eradication. This study examined the impact of information sources on the drug awareness and usage of chicken farmers in Nigeria’s Edo and Delta States. With the help of a carefully constructed questionnaire, a multi-stage sampling approach was employed to elicit responses from 120 respondents from the Edo and Delta States, respectively. Chi-square analysis was used to test the hypothesis while frequency counts, percentages, and means were used to evaluate the data. The results showed that most of the poultry farmers in Edo and Delta States, respectively, were men (64.1% and 63.8%), while most of the respondents in Edo and Delta States, respectively, were married (52.3% and 53.8%). The outcome further shown that poultry farmers favored neighbors and retailers (dealers) as part of their available sources of information on poultry pharmaceuticals, which led to a slight rise in awareness about the use of poultry drugs. However, despite their understanding, these procedures were not widely used; this was because it was difficult to find poultry medications. In both states, the respondents’ knowledge of poultry drug use was just 6.3%, 44.5%, and 6.3%–60.0%. The level of information the respondents had regarding the use of poultry drugs was significantly correlated with their educational level, experience raising poultry, number of chickens, association membership, and interactions with extension agents. The study’s findings suggest that, despite the availability of some sources for information on poultry drugs, farmers’ awareness levels tend to rise only to fall as a result of the difficulties in establishing and implementing drug usage guidelines.

Chapiter 1

Periodical Information

Over 50 billion chickens are farmed each year as a source of meat and eggs, making them the most common type of fowl kept worldwide. [Card and Leslie, 1961] Historically, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where women frequently make significant contributions to family livelihoods by raising poultry, but the majority of production now takes place in larger, more intensive specialized units due to urbanization and rising world populations. These are frequently located adjacent to the locations where the feed is grown or where the meat is required, resulting in the availability of affordable, healthy food for urban people. (2008) Eriksson and Larson

Although the birds raised are naturally hardy, the traditional African method of raising livestock initially utilizes less pharmaceutical medications. Therefore, it is necessary to leverage local farmers’ veterinary expertise as a foundation for the creation of organic alternatives to cattle production. (Adler and Jerry, 2012)

Over the years, indigenous knowledge has made a significant contribution to ensuring the subsistence lives of Nigeria’s rural resource-poor population. Most small-holder farmers who want to embrace contemporary methods of animal health care are hindered by a lack of resources and the absence of veterinary officers’ consultation services in far-off villages (Kolawole, 2001).

According to Eurostat (2012), the value of the EU-27’s crop and animal output increased in 2011 by 9.1% and 9.9%, respectively, to a total of EUR 203,330 million and EUR 154,057 million, respectively. Recently, there has been a notable surge in interest in livestock production.

several farmers prefer to invest in poultry farming since it has several advantages. Most poultry farms are started with the intention of producing eggs and meat and making a lot of money from them. Worldwide, billions of chickens are raised for their meat, eggs, and other food products. I will, though, briefly outline the primary advantages of chicken farming below. The biggest advantage of beginning a chicken farm is that you don’t need a lot of money or a lot of land, unless you want to start a business. Additionally, it guarantees a significant return on investment in a short amount of time. Some poultry animals, like broiler chickens, mature more quickly and produce income.

Because of the crucial responsibilities it plays in human nutrition and the generation of economic opportunities for the teeming population, the importance of the poultry industry cannot be overstated. If desired attention is provided to the sector by the government at all levels, the poultry business can effectively absorb a significant number of unemployed youth across the nation who are currently looking for unfilled positions. Commercial feed aims toll milling, poultry production processing, poultry marketing, vertinary, medicines, hatchery operation, and breeder farming through its chain of agro-allied operations. Additionally, if properly utilized, the industry can serve as a source of foreign income, supplementing crude oil, which is currently our primary source of foreign income and accounts for over 90% of our exports. For example, a product from the industry provides about 3.5g of the total 7.2g of animal protein needed for individual dietary needs each day. Again, (broiler table meat chicken) is a national favorite at fast food restaurants. This is due to the fact that chicken meat is cholesterol-free, as opposed to red meats like beef, mutton, pork, veal, and venison, which contain cholesterol (a chemical compound) and are linked to the recent rise in heart disease rates among Nigerians. To name a few, poultry contributes to the nation’s GDP and GNP.

Additionally, the poultry sector is currently plagued by a host of serious issues. Among them include a lack of government support, a shortage of finance, expensive feed ingredients, illnesses, rising drug prices, marketing, and a lack of storage space. For example, the outbreak of avian influenza, also known as bird flu, in 2005/2006 resulted in the deaths of over 1.5 million birds across the nation (Sahara reporter). Diseases are one of the industry’s biggest challenges because of the economic significance of the disease-causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungal, and protozoan, which poultry birds are susceptible to. It will be recalled that many underprivileged farmers lost their only source of income when the government killed their flocks without providing them with compensation; however, as stated by (WHO, 2005), foreign donor organizations are eager to address the issue of avian influenza.

According to Ironkwe and Amefule (2008), Nigerians consume 3.5g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day, which is significantly less than the 35g per kilogram per day recommended by the World Health Organization (W.H.O.). This shortage of animal protein consumption is partially caused by the high price of conventional meat sources like cattle, goats, and sheep (Tewe, 1999), so it is necessary to find a more affordable alternative source of meat to meet the country’s rising demand for animal protein.

For technology intended to increase agricultural production to be effectively transferred, information and communication are necessary factors. Agricultural extension organizations throughout the world are responsible for providing farmers with access to these technologies and training them on how to use them effectively in their farming systems and practices before farmers can benefit from them (Ariyo et al. 2013). These extension organizations employ a variety of strategies, platforms, and media to disseminate advanced agricultural technologies to farmers. Mass media approaches are helpful in reaching a large audience quickly while disseminating agricultural information generally. They serve as helpful resources for farmers seeking agricultural knowledge and serve as means of alerting farmers to breaking news and catastrophes. They might also play a significant role in piqueing farmers’ interest in novel concepts and techniques (Ani et al. 1997). The extension services, radio, television, magazines, newspapers, and face-to-face communication have all been employed as common sources of agricultural knowledge. The characteristics of a good information source are relevance, timelessness, accuracy, cost effectiveness, reliability, usability, exhaustiveness, and aggregation level, according to Statrasts (2004). This information source is seen as an institution or individuals that create or bring about message. Recently, research institutes have embraced contemporary information sources like the internet, particularly online databases, journals, and articles that have improved information availability, accuracy, and timeliness. These contemporary sources have been employed by research institutes and extension service units, but their efficiency in providing farmers with information has come under fire. It is believed that the social, educational, economic, cultural, and technical limitations of modern sources of information limit their ability to effectively disseminate agricultural information to farmers (Bashir, 2008). It is crucial to disseminate agricultural information to ensure that farmers have the necessary knowledge and skills to address their needs and maintain production. According to Gobrial and Musa (2006), research institutions have a duty to use appropriate dissemination channels that would make the information accessible to the end users (farmers) and to package the information they disseminate in a way that is simple for the end-users to understand.

Hence, research and extension provide the information. In order for farmers to take advantage of market opportunities and manage ongoing changes in their production systems, agricultural organizations now manage education and other sources and specifically disseminate them to them (Demiryurek, 2010). According to Davin (1976), every individual, whether literate or non-literate, needs information in order to make decisions. As a result, every sector of the population engaged in agriculture requires information. varied circumstances lend varied interpretations to the idea that information is the message. 2010’s Luciano Floridi. As a result, ideas like restriction, communication, control, data, shape, instruction, knowledge, meaning, and understanding, as well as mental stimulation, pattern, perception, and representation, as well as entropy, become tightly tied to the idea of information.

The efficacy of communication plays a crucial role in the socioeconomic and political growth of a country. Effective communication, according to Adekunle and Ogoto (1994), is a requirement for long-term technology transfer in agriculture, as are feed-forward and feed-back procedures.

only made possible by communication processes, which are necessary components in the technology transfer process. A good communicator or information source understands their audience, their needs, wants, and message as well as the most effective channels of communication that apply to them. They also carefully prepare their information for communication, speak clearly, use simple language that is understandable, and are conscious of the time constraints. People (farmers) will be more likely to accept the communicator (extension agent) as a source of reliable information and a respected officer if they believe him to be credible and technically competent. Therefore, according to Torimiro and Akinyemiju (2008), extension agents need to have sufficient knowledge and skill while dealing with people in order to retain excellent reputation. They also asserted that a message is only useful if the recipient understands it, accepts it, and is motivated to act upon it. Ekumankma and Nwankwo (2002) found that one of the main causes of the low yields reported by many Nigerian farmers was the farmers’ inadequate exposure to relevant agricultural knowledge. Agriculture has been quite concerned about this.

over the years and finds expression in the federal administrations’ efforts to launch various agricultural programs, including Agricultural Development Programmes around the nation in the previous forty years. In creating a new societal function for extension, Uphoff (2000) and Leeuwis (2004) noted that the focus and responsibilities have changed from a role that promoted knowledge and technology transfer between farmers and researchers and among farmers themselves to include more complex tasks of changing interdependencies and coordination between various actors, as well as new challenges, problems, and development — some of which operate at a larger scale than before (e.g. ecolog). Communication intervention, according to Leeuwis (2004), is seen as different communication services because it essentially defines the types of products that can be delivered by communication workers. However, it is also seen as different strategies because it also refers to how communication intervention is intended to help solve societal problems. Depending on how one analyzes the issue, one may decide that enhancing a particular kind of service is the best course of action for making things better. According to Leeuwis (2004), the term “farm management communication” refers to a general communication function that can be relevant in a variety of communication services and strategies, including information provision and training, raising awareness of predefined issues, exploring views and issues, and exploring them, as well as raising questions and providing (confrontational) feedback. Therefore, good communication can increase farmers’ willingness to accept tested technologies.

Effective communication relies heavily on feedback (Witzany, G. 2012). This farmers’ knowledge about the use of poultry medications in Nigeria is either lacking or not being used to its fullest potential (UNIDO, CBN, 2010).

1.2 Problem Statement

According to Dileepkumar (2013), agriculture is a production-oriented industry that constantly requires the appropriate information at the right time. As a result, producers of both crops and livestock should always have access to the information they need from reliable sources. The productivity of these other factors can arguably be improved by the relevant, trustworthy, and useful information and knowledge (Demiryurek, 2010). Agricultural information can also be seen as an important factor that interacts with the other production factors such as land, labor, and managerial ability.

Part of the reason why farmers do not use poultry drugs is that historically the extension services has been focused on improving production and productivity and abandoned the farmers after the harvest (Gebremedhi et al., 2006). The problem to lack of or minimal use of drugs observed in poultry production in Nigeria could be linked to information technologies and information sources (information revolution) affecting competitiveness (Porter and Miller,1985). The structure of the organizations involved in these activities is an issue that needs to be explored generally (Demiryurek et al., 2008) in poultry production specifically. This is why different agricultural stakeholders need to critically analyze the information sources that are available and accessible to poultry production as well as the information needs of the farmers.

At a time when the nation’s agriculture is undergoing transition as part of the Agriculture transition Agenda (ATA), focus on the problem of the use of poultry medications cannot be overstated.

In Nigeria, structured health inputs are often unavailable to the rural and village poultry systems. Attempts to provide health extension services have been hindered by the structure of the rural poultry farming sector. The use of traditional schedule-oriented health inputs like medication and vaccination has become challenging due to factors like small flock size, mixed age and species flock composition, poor housing, and scavenging (Kolawole, 2001). This study will address the issues surrounding information sources on farmers’ knowledge of and use of poultry medications in Nigeria’s Edo and Delta states.

These are some of the specific queries this study hopes to address:

What socioeconomic traits distinguish chicken producers in the states of Delta and Edo?

What informational resources on medications for poultry are available to respondents in the states of Edo and Delta?

What information sources about the use of poultry pharmaceuticals do respondents access and prefer?

How well-aware of the repercussions of using medicines on poultry are the respondents?

What obstacles do respondents have when trying to find and use information regarding poultry drugs?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The study’s main goal is to determine how information sources affect farmers’ knowledge of and use of poultry medications in Nigeria’s Edo and Delta states. The particular goals are to;

determine the socioeconomic traits of chicken farmers in the research area;

survey respondents’ sources, preferences, and usage of information about poultry drugs;

determine whether respondents are aware of the implications of using medications on chickens; and

Examine the challenges respondents encounter while finding, implementing, and using information about poultry drugs.

1.4 Hypothesis

There is no connection between poultry producers’ socioeconomic traits and their availability of different information sources.