Investigations Of Key Environmental Factors Determining The Sustainability And Productivity Of Shrimp Aquaculture In Tropical Coastal Regions
Chapter One
Preface
Background To The Study
For centuries, the bank has been the most important mortal niche, and, as a result, has been subject to a wide range of development pressures( Holland, 1998). Shrimp husbandry represents fresh pressure on these areas, at least potentially. While shrimp husbandry per se doesn’t inescapably have a significant adverse impact on the littoral terrain, unhappy practices and unplanned development have led to a number of problems. According to Chua( 1992), the main environmental impacts associated with shrimp monoculture, and ways in which specific impacts can be reduced or eased are being delved into in this study.
The factual or implicit environmental impacts of shrimp husbandry fall into the following orders • Destruction of natural niche( through direct conversion);
• Abstraction/ impurity and salinization of groundwater;
• Organic matter and nutrient pollution;
• Chemicals;
• complaint;
• Harvest of posterity stock and wildpost-larvae( PL);
• preface of fantastic species;
• Abandonment; and
• Use of fish mess in feeds.
Measures have formerly been espoused extensively by the assiduity; in others, the suggestions are grounded more on proposition than on practical operation. In either case, further exploration needs to be accepted to document the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures in addressing the impacts. From the onset, still, it should be emphasized that numerous of the impacts from shrimp monoculture aren’t unique to that assiduity. Rather, they’re typical of agrarian practices in general, especially where land is in short force. It should also be noted that shrimp granges suffer a great deal from pollution caused by other conditioning, including husbandry and assiduity. Indeed, while numerous other conditioning are fairly careless of their terrain, endured shrimp growers realize that long- term benefits affect from maintaining environmental quality. When establishing new granges, water quality is one of the most important factors to consider; spots where assiduity, husbandry, or other conditioning are contaminating the water should be avoided( Fegan, 1996).
expansive shrimp husbandry takes place in the intertidal zone, generally in or conterminous to estuarine systems. Semi-intensive and ferocious shrimp husbandry generally takes place in the upper intertidal or just before/ over the intertidal zone, frequently in conterminous washes. Some shrimp husbandry now takes place in inland areas. utmost tropical estuarine systems are dominated by mangrove, an intertidal ecosystem of tree and shrub species especially acclimated to saline territories, that support a wide range of other organisms. Shrimp granges can be constructed down from mangrove areas altogether. The( large- scale) shrimp husbandry assiduity associations, several NGOs, other transnational associations, and utmost governments in the largest patron countries of tended shrimp now agree that shrimp granges shouldn’t be established in mangrove timbers. Unfortunately, similar avoidance may affect in destruction of other natural territories( similar as other washes, timbers, swab morasses, slush apartments, swab apartments) with their own natural functions and biodiversity value, or conversion from other uses, similar as rice husbandry, coconut colony, or other forestry/ husbandry. Whether similar changes are desirable will depend on original circumstances and precedences. It should be noted, still, that in some countries the only land available to poor, displaced emigrant and nonage groups is in fact mangrove.
Given the high population viscosity of similar areas and the limited sustainable productivity of natural mangrove( Hambrey 1993), similar agreements are inescapably performing in overexploitation or conversion to husbandry and/ or monoculture. In these circumstances, precisely planned and limited conversion to monoculture may be the stylish option, maybe reducing the overall development pressure on mangrove and other precious natural niche. Shrimp granges can be constructed on the landward borderline of mangrove. In some circumstances, this may be an seductive option, since similar land is frequently incompletely saline and of low value for indispensableuses.However, it may be largely degraded as a result of mortal pressure or in natural decline as part of the mangrove cycle of colonization, accretion, If mangrove is present. Ponds may be constructed so that a belt of mangrove timber is maintained along the seacoast, with the ponds located incontinently behind the mangrove belt( Barg 1999).
Statement Of The Problem
Water use in shrimp husbandry is extremely variable, ranging from little further than make- up water to compensate for evaporation and seepage to veritably high rates of exchange. For illustration, for each metric ton of shrimp produced, ferocious granges bear 50 to 60 million liters of water. The water in shrimp ponds is high in nutrients and organic matter, especially towards the end of the product cycle. These nutrients are deduced substantially from waste food and metabolic products, as well as from the small amounts of toxin added at the launch of the cycle to stimulate plankton blooms. Poor feeding practices, particularlyover-use of feed, allows feed to sink to the bottom of the pond. Also, some of the conditions that trouble the shrimp husbandry assiduity are directly caused by environmental problems, while a number of other conditions are touched off or spread more effectively by the stress convinced by environmental problems. None of the shrimp conditions are known to be pathogenic to humans.
Objects Of The Study
The following are the objects of this study
1. To probe the effect of environmental factors on the sustainability and productivity of shrimp husbandry in Nigeria.
2. To identify the specific environmental factors that impact shrimp husbandry in Nigeria.
3. To examine the effect of shrimp husbandry on the terrain in Nigeria.
Exploration Questions
1. What’s the effect of environmental factors on the sustainability and productivity of shrimp husbandry in Nigeria?
2. What are the specific environmental factors that impact shrimp husbandry in Nigeria?
3. What’s the effect of shrimp husbandry on the terrain in Nigeria?
Significance Of The Study
The following are the significance of this study
1. The outgrowth of this study will reveal the goods of environmental factor on shrimp husbandry and how shrimp husbandry affects the terrain in Nigeria.
2. This exploration will be a donation to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality particularity on pupil’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for unborn exploration in the subject area
Compass/ Limitations Of The Study
This study will cover the relationship between shrimp husbandry and the terrain.
Limitation Of Study
Financial constraint-inadequate fund tends to stymie the effectiveness of the experimenter in sourcing for the applicable accoutrements , literature or information and in the process of data collection( internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The experimenter will contemporaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This accordingly will cut down on the time devoted for the exploration work.
References
Barg,U.C. 1999. Coastal monoculture and the terrain. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter Nov. Chua,T.-E. 1992. Coastal monoculture development and the terrain the part of littoral area operation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25( 1 – 4) 98 – 103.
Fegan,D.F. 1996. Sustainable shrimp husbandry in Asia vision or pipe- dream. Monoculture Asia 1( 2,Oct./Dec.) 22 – 28. Holland,A. 1998. A study of conflict and inequity in shrimp monoculture in Vietnam, Bangladesh and Mozambique. ARP/ DFID, University of Sussex, UK.
Hambrey,J.B. 1993. Coastal Zone Management in North Sumatra Alternative Economic Uses of the Mangrove of Northeast Sumatra. ODA/ Dinas Perikanan.
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