Level Of Awareness On The Prevention Of Anaemia Among Pregnant Women

Level Of Awareness On The Prevention Of Anaemia Among Pregnant Women

Chapter One

Preface

Background of the study

gestation is nearly clearly the topmost physiological stress and the most common major change of the normal natural process to which the woman is subordinated during her life. Anemia is the most common nutritive problem among women and is on the wholerampant among pregnant women( Admad, Saeid, & Leila, 2008). still, anaemia is defined as a docked quantum of haemoglobin( Hb) in the blood. It’s a deficit in the size or number of red blood cells( RBCs) or the volume of Hb they contain( Mahan, Escott- Stump & Raymond 2012). Haemoglobin is a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to all corridor of the body. The most common type of anaemia, iron insufficiency anaemia, is more frequently than not caused by low iron input or immersion and/ or inordinate iron loss( Thomas & Bishop, 2007).

Iron forms an indispensableconstituent of the Hb patch and nutritive anaemiafallout fromnot enough input of iron, protein, vitamin B12, folic acid, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, and bobby ( Mahan, Escott- Stump & Raymond, 2012). Anaemia is classified grounded on Hb content as hypochromic( pale colour from insufficiency of Hb) and normochromic( normal colour), depicted according to cell size as macrocytic( larger than normal), normocytic( normal), and microcytic( small). Haemoglobin situations differ with age, coitus, gestation, and life. Different situations of Hb are considered generally for different orders of people, under which an existent can be classified as anaemic. For illustration, the normal Hb position of pregnant women at ocean position is 11g/ dl or 110g/ L. A pregnant woman that hasHb position below 11g/ dl or 110g/ L is said to be anaemic( WHO, 2008).

According to Ghana Health Service( 2004), pregnant woman with anaemia will present with any of the following angular stomatitis, reddishness, glossitis ladle shaped nails, dizziness, fatigue and briefness ofbreath.Reducing this anaemia burden in pregnant women has bettered minimally, especially in African countries and Nigeria is noexemption.The occasion of anemia as a major public health problem each over the world isextensively honored. In developing countries, the circumstance of anemia among pregnant women the pars is 56, ranging between 35- 100 among different regions of the world( GHS Annual Report 2004).

World Health Organization in 2008 estimation, roughly 500 million women in the world are iron deficient and in addition anemia affects so numerous women in the developing world, including two thirds of pregnant women( WHO, 2008). Anaemia is asignificant public health problem worldwide and the most susceptible group, are pregnant women andchildren.The causes of anaemiaconsist of inheritable factors, nutritive scarcities, and contagious agents. Of the nutritive causes of anaemia, iron insufficiency is maybe the most common and important because the physiological changes associated with gestation put fortha demand for fresh iron demanded for transfer to the foetus( Webster- Gandy, Madden & Holdsworth, 2012). Infections, together with malaria, worm infestations are as well involved in the pathogenesis of anaemia in gestation.

Pregnant women are on the wholevulnerable to malaria in aboriginal populations and frequently have advanced frequence as well as inflexibility including anaemia( Amenger- Glover, Owusu & Akanmori, 2005). The changes in the vulnerable system linkedwith gestation have been supposed as the reason mentioned over. Worm infestations still vitiate micronutrient immersion; accordingly adding the vulnerability of pregnant women to anaemia. The materialization of HIV is an fresh threat factor for anaemia among pregnant women. A good number of studies aimed at relating the causes ofanaemia in gestation have concentrated on specific orders of factors similar as inordinate blood loss and inordinate breakdown of erythrocytes( Amenger- Glover, Owusu & Akanmori, 2005). Encyclopedically, anemia contributes to 20 of all motherly deaths. Although not always shown to have a unproductive link, severe anemia contributes to motherly morbidity and mortality. Anemia in gestation may also lead to unseasonable births, low birth weight, fetal impairment and child deaths. either, motherliness- related complications, anemia has major consequences on mortal health and social and profitable development. It negatively affects physical and cognitive development in children and is associated with increased frailty threat in community- dwelling aged grown-ups( WHO, 2008).

In recent times, increased threat of psychiatric diseases among children and adolescents with iron insufficiency anemia has also been proved. Anaemiaarrays from mild, moderate to severe and WHOhangers the haemoglobin position for each of these types of anaemia in gestation at10.0 –10.9 g/ d1( mild anaemia) 7 –9.9 g/ dl( moderate anemia) and< 7g/ dl( severe anaemia). Commonness of anaemia can be as high as 61 in developing countries; 14 with a high prevalence and inflexibility being among primigravidaeliving in malaria aboriginal areas. In gestation, anaemia has animportant impact on the health of the foetus as well as that of the mama . Twenty percent( 20) of motherly deaths in Africa have been attributed to anaemiaand over half of all women in the world experience anemia during theirpregnancies.Foetuses are susceptible of preterm deliveries, low birth weights, morbidity and perinatal mortality due to the impairment of oxygen delivery to placenta and foetus( Amenger- Glover et al, 2005).

InSub-Saharan Africa, the causes of anemia during gestation are multifactorial. These correspond of an iron and folate deficient diet and infections similar as malaria, hookworms, and decreasingly mortal immunodeficiency contagion. utmost of these conditions can be averted by creating mindfulness and furnishing affordableinterventions.Determination of the magnitude of anemia among pregnant women helps to cover health of the pregnant women, contributing to reduction in motherly morbidity and mortality. Also, assessment of factors prepping to anemia in a original area enables to take targeted intervention conditioning. The operation and control of anaemia in gestation is bettered by the vacuity of original frequence statistics, which is again not adequately handed in Nigeria. For that reason, this study aims at furnishing circumstance statistics of anaemia in gestation and to estimate the effectiveness of prenatal care and mindfulness position in precluding anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan. Knowledge of the relative significance of the different etiological factors forms the base for intervention strategies to control anemia. thus, this study also aimed at determining anemia and assessing associated threat factors among pregnant women attending prenatal care( ANC) at Primary Health Center NungUdoe.

Theoretical frame

In effect social cognitive models propose that determinants that shape mortal geste are communicated through socialization and may be disposed, vulnerable and susceptible to change. While setting the literature, two propositions were set up to offer a strong theoretical frame for this exploration videlicet the social cognitive proposition( SCT) and the Health Belief Model( HBM).

Social cognitive proposition

The Social Cognitive Theory stems from the Social Learning Theory and was suggested by Alfred Bandura in 1986. The pregnant women knowledge, station, beliefs, care and control, part model, amenability to change, were linked as malleable factors in order to impact the salutary habits, and adherence to Iron Folic- Acid( IFA) supplements. The design of the intervention is guided by the Social Cognitive Theory( SCT). According to the SCT, at least two top sources of tone- efficacity; verbal persuasion and performance accomplishment are intended to intervene the effect of this intervention. The education of pregnant women about anemia, nutrition, and Iron Folic- Acid( IFA) supplementationcould foster the perception that their conduct can control anemia in them( Bandura, 1989).

Health Belief Model

Health Belief Model was first developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels. The model uses constructs that represent perceived pitfalls and net benefits similar as perceived vulnerability, perceived inflexibility, perceived benefits, perceived walls, cues to action and tone- efficacity. The model asserts that these constructs regard for aperson’s “ readiness to act ”( Rosenstock, 1988). The most important part is figured in tutoring and furnishing pregnant women with information demanded grounded on social and cerebral behavioral changes to maintain health during gestation substantially those related to nutritive aspects. Using health belief model during health education session nursers emphasize on behavioral changes to help pregnant women to change their eating habits and practices that contribute to nutritive deficiency( Bandura, 1989).

Statement of the problem

This study was to determine mindfulness position on knowledge regarding anaemiaand its forestallment among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic at Primary Health Center NungUdoeinIbesikpoAsutan.However, anaemia is the foremost cause of motherly mortality since it’s veritably common among pregnantwomen.It’s well allowed – out to be high in countries with frequence lesser than 40( WHO, 2008). In lots of African countries including Nigeria, habitual protein energy malnutrition, and poor weight gain during gestation, anaemia, and other retired hunger scarcities are common among women( Huffman, Harvey, Martin, Piwoz, Ndure, Combest, Mwadime & Quinn, 2001). Despite this, many studies have assessed the possible causes of anaemia among pregnant women in Nigeria. In order to reduce this trend, it’s necessary to determine possible causes of anaemia, especially due to nutrition, inIbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbomState.Iron insufficiency is the most frequent nutritive complaint in the world. It occurs when the quantum of iron absorbed in the body is shy to meet its musts, and if moping, results in iron insufficiency anaemia( IDA). It’s anticipated that about1.3 billion people suffer from anaemia, of which utmost is due to iron insufficiency. Iron insufficiency anaemia is amajor cause of morbidity and mortality. This situation persists although the interventions necessary for forestallment and treatment are available, effective and affordable( Bhanushali, Shirode, Joshi, and Kadam, 2011)

Purpose of the study

The general purpose of the study is to determine the position of mindfulness on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Specifically, the study will

Establish the influence of educational qualification of pregnant women on forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Determine the influence of age of pregnant women on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan

Find out the influence of nutritive status of pregnant women on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in ibesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Identify the influence of the station of pregnant women on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Determine the influence of profitable status of pregnant women on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Exploration Questions

The following exploration questions were formulated to guide the study

To what extent does the educational qualification of pregnant women impact the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State?

Would age of pregnant women impact the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State?

To what extent does the nutritive status of pregnant women impact the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State?

Would station of pregnant women impact the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State?

To what extent does the profitable status of pregnant women impact the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State?

Statement of Suppositions

To guide the experimenter, the following exploration suppositions were formulated

Educational qualification of pregnant women would not have any significant influence on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

nutritive status of pregnant women would not have any significant influence on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

station of pregnant women would not have any significant influence on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State.

Significance of study

Although numerous scholars have written on the frequence of anaemia in Nigeria, it’s significant to note still that micronutrient scarcities lead to anaemia in gestation. thus this study is principally for pregnant women, expectant maters and women who are ready for marriage. Hence the study hopefully is significant to the extent that the below specify persons should be suitable; to know what causes anaemia, to understand the important, benefits of enough nutrients and enhanced their nutrition, to understand the efficacity of micronutrients, to know some other factors that could lead to anaemia in gestation, similar as poor weight gain and to understand the double jeopardy of anaemic condition at the end of the study.

The health workers will make use of this study in streamlining their knowledge about anaemia in gestation, so as to be suitable to make proper assessment, opinion, planning and perpetration of modalities geared towards competent operation of cases in order to reduce the prevalence of anaemia among pregnantwomen.Findings from this study will hopefully be useful in furnishing applicable preventative measures to reduce the motherly mortality of which anaemia is one of the leadingcauses.It’s believed that the proposition from this study will help the pregnant women have further knowledge on what anaemia is allabout.As a final point, it conceivably would serve as a work of reference to unborn experimenters in that area.

hypotheticals of the study

The study assumes that

The pregnant women have some knowledge regarding Anaemia and its forestallment.

The result of the study will help to help the Anaemia among the pregnant women.

Compass Of The Study

The study is demarcated to the pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State. The major attention of our consideration is the question of what causes anaemia in gestation. To do this effectively, a critical appraisal of the colorful variables supporting the exploration work will be done pointing out their benefactions to the cause of anaemia in gestation. Since this exploration is aimed at determining the position of mindfulness on the forestallment of anaemia among pregnant women in IbesikpoAsutan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State, thoughtlessness will be paid to the several preventative measures against the circumstance of anaemia in gestation.

Limitations of the study

The challenges that posed a trouble to this study include the following; fund to be suitable to assess accoutrements indeed online and inversely class the work, collections and reclamation of documents from health centers libraries, and indeed those of hospitals and stations turned to be huge obstacles and time constraints due to other academic pressure. still sweats were made to address these problems or limitations.

Delineations of terms

KnowledgeRefers to the perceptive of Antenatal maters regarding causes and symptoms of Anaemia and its forestallment.

AnaemiaAnaemia is the condition in which haemoglobin attention in the blood is lower than 10 gm/ dl.

PreventionIn this study, forestallment refers to all the conduct taken to dwindle the threat factors of Anaemia and hamper the chances of circumstance of Anaemia.

Pregnant womenAre the women between the period of generality and delivery of baby, who are attending the Antenatal clinic at Primary Health Centre NungUdoe in IbesikpoAsutan

Educational qualificationsare thecertificates, professional titles that an existent has acquired either by studying full- time, part- time study or private study, whether by educational authorities, distinctive examining bodies or good bodies.

Ageis the specific period of life at which a person becomes naturally or conventionally good or disqualified for anything.

nutritive status the condition of the body in those felicitations told by the diet; the situations of nutrients in the body and the capability of those situations to maintain normal metabolic integrity.

station is feeling or allowing that affects the geste of a person, a predilection or a tendency to reply appreciatively or deleteriously to a particular idea, object, person, or situation, a internal position with regard to a fact or state.

profitable Status is an profitable and sociological participated complete measure of work experience of a person and of its profitable and social situation of the family compared to others, depending on income, education, and occupation of or a person.