The Effect Of Biomodification With Trichoderma harzianum On The Chemical Composition And In Vitro Gas Fermentation Characteristics Of Melon Seed Husk With Or Without Supplementation With Wheat Bran

The Effect Of Biomodification With Trichoderma harzianum On The Chemical Composition And In Vitro Gas Fermentation Characteristics Of Melon Seed Husk With Or Without Supplementation With Wheat Bran

Abstract

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of biomodification with the fungi Trichoderma harzianum on the chemical composition as well as the in vitro gas product characteristics of melon seed cocoon( MH) with or without supplementation with wheat bran( WB). Wheat bran supplemented melon seed cocoon( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100) were invested with Trichoderma harzianum for 21 days and latterly dried and mulled for chemical analysis and in vitro gas turmoil study. The result showed that supplementation in general was effective in adding significantly( P<0.05) the crude protein and dwindling the cell wall bit. The treatment with Trichoderma harzianum increased the CP from5.25,7.88,10.00,13.13,14.90 for the undressed to5.70,8.32,10.95,14.90 and16.20 in the treated form of 0WB100MH, 25WB75MH, 50WB50MH, 75WB25MH, 100WB0MH independently. Although only 75WB25MH was significantly different( P<0.05). The value for NDF of the treated ranged from49.00 for 100WB0MH to82.50 for 0WB100MH. Although only 75WB25MH and 100WB0MH had significant diminishments( P<0.05). The value for ADF of the treated ranged from7.00 for 100WB0MH to60.00 for 0WB100MH and only the drop of 25WB75MH wasn’t significant( P>0.05). The values for hemicelluloses for the treated ranged from22.50 for 0WB100MH to42.00 for 100WB0MH with only 100WB0MH having a significant drop( P<0.05). Gas volume, DMD, OMD, SCFA were significantly( P<0.05) advanced in the undressed sample values when compared to the treated values. This result suggest that Trichoderma harzianum appears to be a weak fungi in the treatment of agrarian waste to enhance the nutritional value and insipidity.

Table Of Contents

Runner

Title Runner———— ii

Abstract———— iii

Acknowledgement———– iv

Instrument———— v

Fidelity———— vi

Table of contents———– vii

List of tables———— xi

List of numbers———— xii

List of plates———— xiii

Chapter One

Preface———– 1

Exploration objects———- 3

Chapter Two

Literature Review———- 4

History of In Vitro Gas Production——– 4

Factors That Potentially Affect Gas product Biographies( GPP)—- 5

Effect of Sample Size and Preparation——- 5

Effect of Agitation of the Medium——– 6

Effect of Changes in Atmospheric Pressure——- 7

Effect of Venting Gas During the Incubation—— 8

Effect of Inoculum——— 8

Use of Blanks———- 9

Effect of Medium Composition——– 9

Effect of Apparatus——— 10

Melon( Colocynthis citrullus)——– 10

Melon Seed cocoon———- 11

Biomodification of Agricultural Waste with Mushrooms—– 11

Effect of Biomodification of Melon Seed cocoon with Mushrooms—- 12

Effect of Biomodification of other Agricultural Waste with Mushrooms— 13

Chapter Three

Accoutrements and styles——— 18

Collection of Samples——— 18

Preparation for Inoculation——– 18

driawing of the Bottles——— 18

Supplementation———- 19

Stuffing of the Bottles——— 19

The Fungi and its Source——— 21

Inoculation———– 22

Chemical Analysis———- 23

Sot Matter Determination——— 23

Ash and Organic Matter Determination——- 24

Crude Protein Determination——– 24

Cell Wall Fraction Determination( NDF, ADF, HEMICELLULOSE)— 25

In Vitro Gas Fermentation Study——– 26

Statistical Analysis——— 30

Chapter Four

Results———– 31

Chemical Composition of Trichoderma harzianum treated Melon Seed cocoon with or without supplementation with wheat bran—— 31

In vitro Gas product at different hours of Incubation—- 37

Post in vitro Gas product parameter For Trichoderma harzianum Treated Melon seed cocoon with or without supplementation with wheat bran—- 41

Chapter Five

Discussion———– 46

Chemical composition of Trichoderma harzianum Treated Melon seed cocoon with or without supplementation with wheat bran—— 46

In vitro Gas product at Different hours of incubation for Trichoderma harzianum Treated Melon seed cocoon with or without supplementation with wheat bran– 47

Post in vitro Gas product parameters for Trichoderma harzianum Treated Melon seed cocoon with or without Supplementation with wheat bran—- 49

Chapter Six

Conclusion and Recommendation——– 51

References

List Of Tables

Runner

Table3.1 Experimental Treatments and their Description—– 19

Table3.2 Experimental Treatments and the volume needed for Four Bottles– 20

Table4.1 The Sot Matter( DM), Crude Protein( CP), Ash and Organic Matter( OM)

Of Trichoderma harzianum treated Melon Seed cocoon with or

Without Supplementation with Wheat Bran—— 32

Table4.2 The cell wall Bit of Trichoderma harzianum treated Melon Seed

cocoon with or without Supplementation with Wheat Bran—- 35

Table4.3 The In Vitro Gas product at Different Hours of Incubation for

Trichoderma harzianum treated Melon Seed cocoon with or without

Supplementation with Wheat Bran——- 39

Table4.4 Post In Vitro Gas product Parameters for Trichoderma harzianum

Treated Melon Seed cocoon with or without Supplementation with

Wheat Bran———- 43

List Of Figures

Runners

Figure4.1 The Sot Matter Content of Treated and undressed Samples 33

Figure4.2 The Crude Protein Content of Treated and undressed Samples 33

Figure4.3 The Ash Content of Treated and undressed Samples—- 34

Figure4.4 The Organic Matter Content of Treated and undressed Samples 34

Figure4.5 The NDF Content of Treated And undressed Samples—- 35

Figure4.6 The ADF Content of Treated and undressed Samples—- 36

Figure4.7 The Hemicellulose Content of Treated and undressed Samples 36

Figure4.8 The Volume of Gas Produced by the Treated Samples—- 40

Figure4.9 The Volume of Gas Produced by the undressed Samples—- 40

Figure4.10 The Volume of Gas Produced by the Treated and undressed Samples– 41

Figure4.11 The Volume of Methane Produced by the Treated and undressed Samples-44

Figure4.12 The DMD of Treated and undressed Samples—– 44

Figure4.13 The OMD of treated and undressed samples—– 45

Figure4.14 The SCFA of treated and undressed samples—– 45

List Of Plates

Runner

Plate3.1 Melon Seed cocoon and Wheat Bran——- 18

Plate3.2 Soaking of Samples in Water for 24 Hours—— 20

Plate3.3 Trichoderma harzianum Maintained on a Plate—– 21

Plate3.4 invested samples in the bottles——- 22

Plate3.5 Trichoderma harzianum treated samples showing varying degree

Of Ramification Before crop——- 23

Plate3.6 Collection of Rumen Liquor——– 27

Plate3.7 Filteration of rumen liquor with rubbish cloth—– 28

Plate3.8 Hypes in the Incubator——– 28

Chapter One

Preface

The major constraint to beast product in Nigeria is the failure of quality and sufficient force of feed throughout the time. This is more so because of the competition between man and beast for the available food grains. Added to this is the adding population at a veritably high rate, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. With the adding demand for beast products in the world frugality and shrinking land area, unborn stopgap of feeding the nations and securing their food security will depend on their better application of thenon-conventional feed coffers which can not be used as food for mortal( Makkar, 2000).

Agrarian wastes and by- products have been used extremely in ruminant nutrition in numerous corridor of the world as cover for concentrate feeds which are generally veritably precious in the developing countries( Akinfemi, 2010a). In Nigeria, there’s a wide gap between beast demand and the available feedstuff. Although a huge heftiness of husbandry waste and by- products are produced annually in Nigeria, only a many bit are used to feed ruminants while the largest proportion are burnt or discarded leading to environmental pollution and health hazards( Akinfemi, 2010a).

Ruminants are endowed with the capability to convert low quality feed into high quality protein and use feeds from land not suitable for civilization of crop, but still, the application of these low quality crop remainders are hampered by their low protein content, fibre insipidity, vitamins and minerals. These accoutrements considered as waste could be reclaimed by environmental friendly styles into ruminant feed by physical, chemical and natural styles. The possibility of natural treatment of agrarian waste and by products has a great eventuality as an volition to the use of precious chemical styles( Abd- Allah, 2007).

The nutritional value of a ruminant feed is determined by the attention of its chemical factors, as well as extent of digestion. Determining the insipidity of feeds in vivo is laborious, precious, taking large quantum of time and is largely infelicitous for single feedstuff thereby making it infelicitous for routine feed evaluation( Getachew etal., 2004). Accordingly in vitro gas product ways were developed to prognosticate turmoil of ruminant feedstuff. It’s a laboratory estimation of demoralized feeds which are important in beast nutrition( Ajayi and Babayemi, 2008). It’s a system reproducible and parameters attained relate well with in vivo system( Ajayi and Babayemi, 2008). A feedstuff incubated with softened rumen liquor and gas produced is measured as an circular index of turmoil kinetics( Rymer etal., 2005). It’s first degraded and the performing bit may either be instigated to produce gas, turmoil acids or incorporated into microbial biomass. When combined with measures of declination, gas product ways provides a measure of the proportion of feed that’s instigated as opposed to that which is partitioned to microbial growth( Rymer etal., 2005). The principle of determining implicit rumen degradability/ fermentability of a feed by measuring gas produced from a batch culture was first developed by McBee( 1953) and Hungate( 1966).

Exploration Objects

The study of the effect of biomodification with Trichoderma harzianum on the chemical composition and in vitro gas product characteristics of sole and supplemented melon seed cocoon has been designed with the following objects.

To determine the goods of biomodification with Trichoderma harzianum on the chemical composition of supplemented and unsupplemented melon seed cocoon

To probe the goods of biomodification with Trichoderma harzianum on the in vitro gas product characteristics of melon seed cocoon with or without supplements.

To measure the short chain adipose acid( SCFA) product eventuality of biomodified melon seed cocoon with or without supplement.