The Impact Of Agricultural Policies On Nigeria Economy

The Impact Of Agricultural Policies On Nigeria Economy

Chapter One

Preface

Background of the study

husbandry in the environment of the frugality is tied with the colorful sectors and is essential for generating broad grounded growth necessary for development. Agriculture is abecedarian to the food of life and it’s the bedrock of profitable development, especially in the provision of acceptable and nutritional food so vital for mortal development and artificial raw accoutrements . Sustainable agrarian development is propelled by agrarian programs. The first public policy on husbandry was espoused in 1988 and was accepted to remain valid for about fifteen times, that is, up to time 2000. Also, in time 2001, a new policy document on husbandry, was lunched. The new policy document has utmost of the features of the old bones , but with further focused direction and better articulation. Agrarian programs are supported bysub-policies that grease the growth of the sector. perpetration of agrarian programs is still moderated bymacro-economic programs which give the enabling terrain for husbandry to grow paripassu with the other sectors. These programs generally have major impact on profitability of the agrarian system and the weal of growers as they affect the inflow of finances to the sector in terms of popular allocation, credit, subsides, levies and thus, must be in harmony and mutually buttressing with the agrarian programs. Themacro-policies comprise the financial, financial, trade popular programs and other programs that governmacro-prices.

Agriculture contributes immensely to the Nigeria frugality in colorful ways, videlicet, in the provision of food for the adding population, force of acceptable raw accoutrements ( and labour input) to a growing artificial sector, a major source of employment; generation of foreign exchange earnings, and, provision of request for the products of the agricultural sector( Okumadewa, 1997). The agricultural sector has a strong relationship with the frugality; hence, concern for agrarian programs and the frugality. Support for husbandry is extensively driven by the public sector, which has established institutional support in form of agrarian exploration extension, commodity marketing, input force and land use legislation, to gormandize- track development of agricultural sector to achieve the end of profitable development. The significance of the agricultural sector, also suggests the intervention of the private sector through backing of exploration and advance on agrarian issues in Universities, capacity structure for growers and, most importantly, the provision of fund for ranch businesses. transnational governmental andnon-governmental agencies including the World Bank Fund and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, also contribute through on ranch and off- ranch support in form of finance, input force strengthening of specialized capacity of other support institutions.

Agrarian programs give among others, for acceptable backing of husbandry. The part of agrarian sector in diversification of frugality can not be over emphasized, given that it guarantees food security of any nation. Public expenditure on husbandry has, still, been shown not to be substantial enough to meet the objects of Government husbandry programs( IFPRI, 2008). For a developing country with a mono- product oil painting frugality similar as Nigeria, Government’s indifferent to husbandry portends great peril to the frugality for numerous reasons. For case, shifting food prices are a precursor of affectation. Secondly, from the expenditure approach to public income account, it’s likely that Engel’s Law that a large knob of expenditure in developing economics goes to food- holds meaning that shocks to the domestic agrarian product and force could be damaging to price stability. There’s also the perspective of food security, in an period when food has been used as a armament of War( United Nations Oil for food Deal in Iraq) and as logrolling tool( North Korea- United States Food Deal), indeed within Nigeria, the civil military government during Nigerian- Biafran War used food blocked as a tool of war. This paper examines Nigeria’s agrarian programs and its impact on the frugality. It’s intriguing to note that this area of study has generated a lot of exploration. Be it as it may, current thinking, particularly in Nigeria seems to concentrate on how to ameliorate on husbandry as oil painting has taken sole control of Nigeria frugality

Statement Of The Problem

husbandry is the main- stay of the Nigerian frugality. According to about 80( percent) of the Nigerian population engage in agrarian dominated conditioning. In other words, agrarian sector in Nigeria from right sense of judgment suppose to be the major source of profit to government as well as the Nigerian citizens especially the( agronomist). This was exactly the case in 1960s to 1980s, considering the achievements made from the earnings of agrarian sector in the also three regions of Nigeria, videlicet, Eastern, Western and Northern regions( Anyanwu, 1997). still, with the discovery of crude oil painting in Nigeria, husbandry has gradationally been neglected. Soludo( 2004678) captures this when he stated that Despite the dominant part of the petroleum sector as the major foreign exchange earner, husbandry remains the dependence of Nigeria’s frugality. In addition, to contributing the largest share of GDP, it’s the largest nonoil import earner, the largest employer of labour, and a crucial contributor to wealth creation and poverty relief, as a large chance of the population derives its income from husbandry and affiliated conditioning. Over the times the rate of growth in agrarian product has stagnated and failed to keep pace with requirements of a fleetly growing population, performing in a progressive increase in import bills for food and artificial raw accoutrements .

Implicit from the below citation is that the eventuality of the agri- business sector as a major employer of the growing labour force and an earner of foreign exchange has also been undermined. As a result, the large maturity of Nigeria’s population, numerous of whom live in pastoral areas, remain poor. In a analogous view, the Nigeria Poverty Assessment 2007 attributed the running increase in the rate of Nigerian poverty rate as a result of low and declining yield/ productivity in husbandry and this contributes significantly to pastoral poverty. The Nigerian Poverty Assessment Report further contended that in the light of the poor state of husbandry, as the check results show, homes whose heads are engaged in the sector tended to have the loftiest position of poverty prevalence, over to per cent in 2004 compared to other occupations where the prevalence was lower than 50 per cent. The sector therefore accounts for a significantly large proportion of the poor in Nigeria. tilling homes experience lesser poverty due to low income from tilling conditioning. As a matter of fact, some of crucial reasons linked by some scholars similar as Anyanwu( 1997), Onah( 2006), Umoh( 2001) and Ayatse and Akuva( 2009) that have contributed and hindered agrarian productivity and income from husbandry in Nigeria are linked to poor policy expression and perpetration in the sector. For case Anyanwu( 1997) observed that utmost of government programs on agrarian have failed to address the issues of land term system, provision of acceptable agrarian installations to growers, access to agrarian micro credits, access to requests for the trade of agrarian provision of agrarian education to pastoral growers on mechanized husbandry, among others. Eze et al( 2010) noted that access to credit is a problem for all growers and is particularly acute for poor planter. It’s on this note that the Report of the Nigerian Poverty Assessment 2007 stated that

None of the being credit sources on husbandry appear suitable to give credit to poor growers, without which it’s doubtful that they will invest heavily in productivity- adding inputs. Given that poor growers are less likely to have means for collateral, innovative ways need to be set up to give credit, maybe grounded on the group credit systems operating in other countries. On the other hand, perfecting agrarian extension services as well as furnishing acceptable agrarian architectures have remained poor. Over 85( percent) of the Nigerian growers have no access to agrarian extension services and lack of necessary agrarian architectures that increase productivity. We can not understand why outside the poor agrarian programs in Nigeria. The recrimination of this has been poor impact of the husbandry on Nigerian frugality. thus there’s no empirical apparent to show for the enormous coffers put into the agrarian sector as a means diversifying the Nigerian frugality from its crude oil painting grounded frugality. The verity is that the heirs of these agrarian programs are substantially people who are outside agrarian occupation. This situation has always present the preface of any agrarian policy or programme as illusive and dishonesty on the view growers and all others who wish to take occupation in husbandry. As a matter of fact, the inauguration of these programs don’t take into consideration, the environmental Impact Analysis( EIA) the profitable impact analysis( EIA) and the social impact analysis( SIA) to give the problems of husbandry in Nigeria a holisticapproach.Apparently, the intended pretensions and objects of agrarian programs similar as generating massive employment through husbandry andagro-based businesses, reduction of high poverty rate, icing adequacy in the force of food for the Nigeria’s bulging population, perfecting per capital income of Nigerians who engage in husbandry, taking relative advantage on the Nigerian agrarian products in the transnational requests among other have remained incompletely unachievable considering some exploration findings on the assessment of husbandry in Nigeria. The public profitable commission and Development Strategy( requirements) 2004 report give that the Gross Domestic Product( GDP) of Nigerian husbandry has continue to decline drastically. This indeed is worrisome considering the number of agrarian programs and programmes which have been introduced by government to boost agrarian productivity in Nigeria similar as the National Accelerated Food Production Project( NAFPP), the Nigerian Agricultural andco-Operative Bank( NACB), the River Basin Development Authorities( RBDAs), Operation Feed the Nation( OFU), Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme( ACGS), Green Revolution Programme( GRP), Agricultural Development Project( ADPs), among others. It’s thus against this background that this study will probe on the content, the impact of agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality. It’s in view of the fore- goings that this study tends to raise the following questions

i) Have agrarian programs made significant impact on Nigeria frugality?

ii) Have the agrarian programs reflected on the growth and development of agrarian sector in Nigeria?

Iii) If not, what are the constraints militating against the agrarian programs in Nigeria?

iv) Do the expression and perpetration of agrarian programs follow?

v) What are the measures to be espoused in perfecting expression and perpetration of agrarian programs in Nigeria?

Ideal Of The Study

For purpose of clarity, the objects of this study are grouped into two orders videlicet Broad and specific.

Broad ideal of the study is to estimate the impact of agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality.

Specific objects of this study are to

i) Ascertain the impact made by agrarian programs so far on the Nigerian frugality.

ii) Examine whether the impact of agrarian programs have reflected on the growth and development of agrarian sector in Nigeria.

iii) Identify the constraints militating against the agrarian programs in Nigeria.

iv) Proffer results towards perfecting the expression and perpetration of agrarian programs in Nigeria.

Sresearch Suppositions

For the successful completion of the study, the following exploration suppositions were formulated by the experimenter;

H0there is no impact made by agrarian programs so far on the Nigerian frugality.

H1 there’s impact made by agrarian programs so far on the Nigerian frugality

H02there are no constraints militating against the agrarian programs in Nigeria.

H2there are constraints militating against the agrarian programs in Nigeria.

Significance Of The Study

The significance of the study presents the value or donation which the exploration will make to the being knowledge. Obasi( 199973), asserts that exploration is most important tool for advancing knowledge and enables man to relate more effectively to his terrain. The significance of this study are distributed into theoretical, empirical and practical significance. Theoretical Significance-

Theoretically, this study has the eventuality of contributing greatly to the growth of being propositions in social lores particularly in public administration by helping to enrich the bank of knowledge through its dependable findings on the assessment of the impact of agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality. This is to say that our study would help in perfecting the borders of knowledge especially in the operation of the public programs in Nigeria especially in the agrarian sector. The study will be of immense significance in catching on the progress so far made by the government in perfecting Nigerian frugality through husbandry. On the other hand, the study will help in unveiling the challenges or factors militating against effective perpetration of government programs and programmes on husbandry and will make useful suggestions towards icing the achievement of pretensions of similar agrarian programs and programmes. This is important because it’s only through feasible agrarian programs that the government can revamp the agrarian sector and insure its target pretensions and objects in public development. This study also has the capabilities of contributing immensely to the being body of literature on this subject matter. Literature on the assessing the impact of agrarian on Nigerian frugality are plushly available but many have been suitable to justify the current poor state of husbandry in Nigeria from policy perspectives. Empirical Significance- Empirically, this study will serve as a foundation or base for unborn experimenters who may in due course of time want to embark on the disquisition on assessing the impact of agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality. In other words, this exploration will serve the academia as a useful and veritable bibliographical reference which will stimulate exploration for other affiliated studies in relation to agrarian programs and their impact in Nigeria frugality. Practical Significance- virtually, this study is considered significant because it’ll contribute in furnishing the decision makers and other crucial actors in the government with the road- charts that will bear prompt, responsive and effective policy making in Nigerian agrarian sector. It’ll also suggest the nostrum through which frequent failures in Nigerian agrarian programs can be effectively dived . Last, but not the least, this study has the implicit to strategically ameliorate the practical way in executions of the government agrarian programs through its advocacy on reforming the public bureaucracies in Nigeria especially those concerned with the perpetration of government programs on husbandry. In this regard, this work is a practical pain staking “ post mortem ” surgical examination of the problems of Nigerian agrarian sector as well as the way forward.

compass AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the evaluation of the impact of agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality. This study covers in detail, history and present government programs and programmes on husbandry in Nigeria. nonetheless, a study of this magnitude can not be completed successfully without the experimenter encountering some constraints or limitations. thus, this work won’t pretend to be containing all holistic information on the government programs and programmes on husbandry, rather it’ll endeavour to punctuate the dominant issues and their impact in the Nigerian frugality. Another egregious limitation is the trouble to trim the paper to a sizeable and respectable volume for a Master of Public Administration Degree. This obviously has not been easy considering the subject matter of this exploration which lessee on sensitive issues on the government husbandry programs, though this has in no way affected the quality of this exploration work.

It’s also material to mention that inadequacy of data or near absence of a dependable and over to date central data bank on the theme of this study, which has been compounded by the incapability of public bureaucracies to grant full access to the experimenter nearly mar the trouble of the experimenter. In other words, deficit of literature on the impact of government agrarian programs on Nigerian frugality nearly mar the trouble of the experimenter. Also utmost of the applicable information collected so far, for this study is in piece- mess and need serious trouble to trim to the needed standard. On the other hand, some information are said to be classified information and out of bound to non staff. Considering this, the experimenter seek other means to condense and consolidate the information through the use of internet accoutrements , textbook books, journals, journals, magazines and once exploration systems by scholars and exploration institutes. farther information were collected from the( civil retainers in the Ministry of Agriculture and governmental agencies on husbandry) using questionnaire and interview. Also considered as a limitation in this study hinges on our incapability to evoke information from the top government officers especially the Minister, Commissioner, and Permanent registers who failed to grant access to the experimenter to solicit them face- to- face. Others who profited themselves for interview still displayed signs of fear to give answers to some questions asked while some questions were said to be top civil service secret. This as we all know is common in Nigeria public sector associations, because a country where freedom of expression is problematic, it’ll be delicate getting the unprejudiced views of some civil retainers on supposedly sensitive issues on government programs on husbandry. As it’s also a well known fact that critics of government programs in the country had always suffered one form of victimization or the other, similar as loss of employment, suspense from their jobs and at times importunity by the top government officers. In other words, it’s of concern to mention that it was delicate to maintain the experimenter’s impartiality in trying to benon-judgmental as this is an essential factor to avoid, since the subjectivity of repliers always types a consequential loss of neutrality. In other words, some repliers seek to force the experimenter to express his own opinions, particularly as he sought to know there’s because it enables them to identify the experimenter’s mind in order to acclimatize responses. unprejudiced impartiality to some extent rendered the exploration tintless as if one is a asset on directorial conditioning. still, the experimenter assured that the limitations constraints didn’t affect the outgrowth of the study by supplementing the available information through internet material, textbook books, journals and administration of questionnaire and oral interview.

SDEFINITION OF TERMS

AGRICULTUREAgriculture is the civilization and parentage of creatures, shops and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal shops and other products used to sustain and enhance mortal life.

POLICY A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide opinions and achieve rational issues. A policy is a statement of intent, and is enforced as a procedure or protocol.

ECONOMYEconomy is an area of the product, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents.

Association OF THE STUDY

This exploration work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the preface, which correspond of the( overview, of the study), literal background, statement of problem, objects of the study, exploration suppositions, significance of the study, compass and limitation of the study, description of terms and literal background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical frame on which the study is grounded, therefore the review of affiliated literature. Chapter three deals on the exploration design and methodology espoused in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and donation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.