THE MAKING OF NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC
CHAPTER ONE
THEORIES AND NATURE OF DEMOCRACY
There are many theories and interpretations of democracy. This results from the fact that it can be viewed from multiple angles. Yet, the Greek words “demos” and “kratein”—which mean “the people” and “to govern,” respectively—are the source of the English word “democracy.” 1 Hence, democracy is a form of government in which the people of a nation rule through the establishment of any form of government they want. In a contemporary democracy, representatives chosen by popular vote typically exercise supreme authority.
The electorate has the right to replace the representatives through the legal processes of recall and referendum, and they are, at least in theory, accountable to the electorate. In numerous democracies, including those in the United States and Nigeria, both the executive head of government and the legislature are elected.2 In typical constitutional monarchies such as the United Kingdom and Norway, only the legislators are elected, and from their ranks a cabinet and a prime minister are chosen.
Democratic forms and institutions are often confused with the concept ‘democracy.’3 The danger is what Bola Ige refers to as provincial tendency. He laments that some scholars assume that the American system is the model, a written constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial reviews, federalism and private enterprise which are basic essentials to the American democracy.4 Election in a democracy is the selection of a person or persons for office by ballot. The essence is freedom of choice and making choice is only possible between alternatives implying multiparty system and multiplicity of candidates where there must be meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and organized groups for positions of government power.5 It is the existence of such groups, organized and operated along democratic traditions, that gives meaning to the electoral process and beautify the freedom to choose. Electoral and party systems are, hence, necessarily intertwined as both are designed to facilitate peaceful and orderly transfer of political power. Party politics within a democratic setting are, indeed, “intrinsically electoral politics.”6 Developments of the electoral system of any country are therefore bound to reflect one way or the other on the party system, and vice versa. For a party system to further the goal of democratic consolidation through free and fair elections, it must be conducive to the promotion of democratic culture among its leadership and officials.7 Accordingly, any program of electoral reform designed to further the goal of democratic transition or consolidation must take cognizance of the significant role of these key participants in the democratic process because the activities of this group, the rules and patterns of their operation, as well as their relationships and behavior do have significant consequences for the electoral system in particular and the political system in general.8
A general trait among democratic countries of the world is the conduct of free, fair and periodic elections to enable the populace choose those who will exercise state power.9 This is based on the fact that it is through elections that democratic governments are formed. Consequently, democracy can also be qualify as a system of government in which those who have authority to make decisions that have the force of law acquire and retain such authority either direct or indirect as a result of winning a free election in which the bulk of adult citizens are allowed to participate.10 This leads to the conclusion that a government is not democratic if the political system has no place for elections or if elections are maneuvered to violate or undermine majority choice.
This is a fall out of the fact that democracy is inseparable from the notion of power in the hands of the people. It connotes a system of political structures in which sovereignty belongs to the people. In another sense, democracy refers to the control of an organization by its members, who take part in the making of decisions.11 It implies majority rule and respect for fundamental rights of the people signifies political system dominated by representatives either directly or indirectly chosen by the people.12 Democracy is popular rule that embodies fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression, right to life, right to dignity of human person, right to personal liberty, right to fair hearing, right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, press, peaceful assembly and association, movement, political participation, etc.13
There are several features of a democratic state. Most important among these is a solid electoral system. There must also be some basic structures such as “a statutory provision establishing the electoral Bodies, Delineation of wards/constituencies, Registration of political parties, Registration of voters, Recruitment and training of ad-hoc staff, Procurement of electoral material, logistic, screening of candidates, provision of polling agents monitoring agents, actual voting, accreditation of voters, counting votes and providing avenues for settlement of disputed results.”14
For democracy to be truly consolidated, there must be in existence an independent and fearless judiciary for the interpretation of electoral laws; competent and non-partisan umpire to manage the election; existence of well developed and organized system of political parties to put their policies and candidates before the electorates as alternatives from which to select and lastly a general acceptance throughout the political community of certain rather than vague rules of the game, which limits the struggle for power without which the game will disappear amid the wreckage of the whole system. The quality of the population determines largely by access to information, political socialization and standard of living is the most valid indicator of the functionality of democratic institutions and bureaucracies. Hence education and knowledge are crucial criteria for building a democracy devoid of corruption. The Ghanaian Government for example devotes a large percentage of the national budget to its educational system, which is open to all.
According to the African Charter for Public Participation in Democracy and Transformation, no real political change will occur until the civil society is given a fair chance to engage. 15 It keeps emphasizing that in order for the democratic process to advance meaningfully, it is imperative to democraticize both politics and development. Its main objective is to support civil society’s efforts to further Africa’s political and economic development. The “basic right of the people to completely and effectively participate in the determination of the decisions which impact their lives at all levels and at all times” is seen by this document as both a means and an end. 16 The stated charter promoting cooperative connections between the state and civil society and promoting well-functioning democracies characterized by full citizen participation in government, fair ground rules for competition, and establishment of the rules of laws as the sine qua non for democracy.
Endnotes
Jacob Safra et al, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 16 (New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2002), p. 564.
Ibid.
Micheal Oddih, “Electoral Fraud and the Democratic Process: Lessons from the 2003 Elections” in Attahiru Jagga and Okechukwu Ibeanu (eds.) Elections and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria, (Nigerian Political Science Association, 2007) p.149.
Bola Ige, “Keynote Address” in L. A. Thomson, Democracy (ed.) Democratization and Africa, (Ibadan: Africa Link Books, 1994) p. xiv.
Ibid.
Adele Jinadu, Competitive Elections and Multiparty Systems in Nigeria,” in Omo Omoruyi et al (eds.) Democratisation In Africa: Nigerian Perspectives (Benin City: Hima and Hima, 1994), p. 247
Mojeed Olujinmi A. Alabi, “Electoral Reforms and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria
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