Accessibility, Use, Misuse And Effects Of Combined Oral Contraceptives Among Women Of Child Bearing Age

Accessibility, Use, Misuse And Effects Of Combined Oral Contraceptives Among Women Of Child Bearing Age

Preface

Over the world, family planning and contraception is among the material issues been bandied. In the early days, mortal societies had creation of as numerous children as possible, a central value. moment still, fairly many societies can go this perspective, performing in increased attempts to limit and manage the birth rate of their families of which Nigeria is no exception. The negative effect of high fertility rate on women and their children, and the benefits of fertility control are well known( Dona et.al., 2008).

The situation in Africa is as low as 25 percent, the smallest among developing regions in the world( RAND, 1998; UNFPA, 2001). In West Africa, about 36 percent of women are using contraceptives and this rate varies from a low chance of 22 percent in Mali, 26 percent in Togo, 32 percent in Burkina Faso, and 33 percent in Nigeria( Dona et.al., 2008, UNDP, 2008). In Nigeria, a country with multiple ethnical sets and religious groupings, sweats made by the Ministry of Health( MOH) and other agencies on the use of contraceptives have redounded in a general increase over the last two decades( Ann et al 2002, UNDP, 2008). There has also been a drop in fertility rate from6.4 percent in the 1970s to4.4 percent in 2005( UNDP, 2008).

presently, a public contraceptive use of 33 per cent has been estimated indeed though 43 percent of wedded women in the country desire to space their children and an fresh 24 percent need to limit births. The difference of use of family planning styles among the civic and pastoral, and rich and poor puts numerous women in utmost deprived settings at a disadvantage( GSS, 2003). The use of contraceptives since 1960 have helped women worldwide to help about 400 million gravidity, as a result, women lives have been saved from high threat of gravidity. Again, contraceptives styles do excellent double duty as prophylactics( complaint preventer), latex rubber and polyethylene condoms give a hedge against STIs and HIV/ AIDS infection whose spread is intimidating in the country( Harvey, 2000).

The major concern then’s about the availability, use, abuse and effect of combined contraceptives among women of child bearing age. Indeed though contraceptives have surfaced in the forestallment of unwanted gravidity and occasionally STI, it has not been completely accepted by utmost communities for women of child bearing age to use them.

generalities

Knowledge on contraceptives

Thissub-section is intended to review information on the knowledge and mindfulness position of contraceptive. Knowing about contraceptives is presumed to be a first step in stimulating the desire for its use. In the time( 2000) Takyi declared that knowledge assessment of contraceptives thus doesn’t only determine the extent of mindfulness and sensitization but further provides the background for which use of the service is further estimated. Evaluation in this sense relates with the background characteristics, basically social, of druggies that impact these mindfulness and sensitization situations.

In 1998 the popular form of contraception for sexually active Canadian women surveyed was oral contraceptives( OCs)( Fisher et al, 1998). Seventy- three percent druggies at the time of the check expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the lozenge, although misperceptions were current. Many women knew it was safe for nonsmokers to take the lozenge after age 35, and that the lozenge reduces certain cancers. When asked whether taking the lozenge presented smaller health pitfalls than gestation, just 4 explosively agreed.

Published literature on the efficacity of contraceptive comforting and education seems to reflect a significant gap between what providers suppose they offer and what consumers appear to admit. In 1999, Rajasekar etal., made citation that family planning inspection druggies in Scotland has revealed a 30 distinction between the number of women whom clinicians allowed they had meetly counseled and the number of cases who actually understood the tutoring. Oakley et al in the time 1994 estimated that over to one third of women bear further personalized comforting to use oral contraceptives effectively. Getting the good news out about the numerous benefits of Oral Contraceptons will enable further women to take advantage of their positive health goods and may help increase compliance( Jenseen et al 2000, Shulman et al, 2000.) It was discovered that the knowledge of Canadian women on the lozenge regarding pitfalls, benefits and side goods of the lozenge remains deficient in several crucial areas, but was increased by comforting.

According to the recent Nigeria Demographic Health Survey, 2003, knowledge of family planning was defined operationally as having heard of a system. The check, which used an canvasser prompt system, showed that knowledge of contraceptive was known by 98 percent of women and 99 percent of men( GSS, 2003) considering that these proportions represented Nigerians who knew at least one system of contraception. Knowledge about ultramodern and traditional contraceptive has changed over a decade and half agone . Whereas the ultimate was popular among Nigerians, the former is now popular indeed though druggies of contraceptives use the traditional styles( Clemen et al 2004, Hoque, 2007).

In across-sectional check in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, condom was the most extensively known ultramodern contraceptive system since it was cited by 43 of women; the lozenge was by only 28, Injectables16.2, IUD 8, spermicidal froth 2, and the diaphragm by lower than 2. Teenagers and youthful grown-ups( 15 – 24 times) were less knowledgeable of ultramodern styles( Kayembe et al, 2003). The use of condoms, diaphram, the lozenge, implant, froth tablet and lactational amenorrhoea were among the styles generally linked with a 100 percent knowledge on it operation among unattached women.

In an assessment of gender issues relating to contraceptive use in Ebo State, Nigeria, Osaemwenkha observed that educated and sexually active youth had wide spread knowledge of contraceptives and this background correlates with the number of styles known( Osaemwenkha, 2004). Obviously, similar wide knowledge doesn’t inescapably mean that similar persons have acceptable exposure to the use of contraceptives because other decision- making influences could determine its use or else. Indeed though Osaewenkha, perceived that his repliers, 800 university womanish scholars, may have had enough knowledge, he discovered that indeed among the enlightened, decision making on contraceptive use has the manly involvement factor essential.

Socio- profitable Characteristics on decision to use Contraceptives

This subsection reveals the influence of socio- profitable characteristics on decision to contraceptive operation. There’s a delicate decision on the use of ultramodern contraceptives among prospective druggies in the country. These difficulties arise from the strength of the interplay of influences from close family relations. In the time 2005 the author Benefo made an assertion that, the profitable reliance position of the woman on her close relations affects the decision process for the uptake of contraceptives. The type of work and the quantum of income earned by the woman in particular have a strong relation to use of contraceptives( Baiden,F., 2003; subscribe, et al, 2003).

numerous experimenters have observed that, this conception is a espoused one from the west and its adaption in the African setting. Considering the complexity of influences on close and external relations on their lives, in addition to their socio- profitable standing( White, 2002), needs expansive examination( RAND, 1998; White et al, 2002; Awusabo- Asare, 2004; Solo et, al 2005). position of education and socio- profitable status of women have been linked to affect fertility decision directly( White, 2002).

In several studies on fustiness and fertility, education is set up to be the high impacting factor. Education may have a direct influence on fertility, since education affects the attitudinal and behavioral patterns of the individualities. Lactational amenorrhoea, which lasts for two to three times in some societies, gives compass for longer birth intervals, therefore affecting the fertility among similar women( McNeilly, 1979). The profitable value credited to children enhances fertility among those who are economically poor. During the once many decades studies have established a close and significant relation between contraceptive use and fertility preferences. Das and Deka( 1982) have considered the artistic factors in fertility as there’s substantiation that the fertility geste changes with different artistic settings. Narayan Dast in the time 1983 also studied the socio-artistic determinants of fertility.

As Anand,( 1968) & Chandrasekhar,( 1972) put it, the family weal programmes, their event, impact and mileage have affected fertility in every society in this period of rapid-fire population growth. Because of the government’s policy on birth control, total sweats are made by the government to vulgarize the different family weal styles. Results achieved so far in this direction can be attributed to the programme inputs. still, besides several artistic factors,non-availability and/ or lack of knowledge, station towards asked family size, traditional beliefs and practices play an important part in family planning.

A number of KAP studies have been taken up covering different population groups. Gautama and Seth( 2001) in their study among pastoral Rajputs and Scheduled Caste( SCs) set up out that rise in education besides furnishing knowledge on the contraceptive styles helps in perfecting acceptance of family control bias. There are other studies also in analogous lines taken up among ethnical and pastoral populations( Meerambika Mahapatro et al, 1999; Sushmita and Bhasin, 1998 and Varma et al, 2002). still, the public programme should have group specific and area specific interventions with regard to family planning. In this background, an attempt was made in that paper to study ‘ knowledge and practice of contraception ’ among Racha Koyas, a ethnical population from Andhra Pradesh.

In this connection, it’s material to note that in the ‘ National Health Policy ’, the ethnical groups need special attention as they’re considered ‘ a special group ’. These among others regard for the emphasis on the conception that contraceptive is a mortal rights issue. This conception doesn’t only empower women to take control of their reproductive life but also develop themselves to be independent of others, so as to insure their total well- being and that of their children.

In addressing the distribution of fiscal coffers in relation to AIDS and family planning styles use in Offinso, Nigeria, Duodo and others inferred that the inequitable distribution of coffers to the detriment of pastoral communities affects contraceptive use( Duodo et al, 1998). In a study on empowering women in Navrongo and its environs, Nigeria, Solo and others observed that health decision making including the use of contraceptive is told by traditional beliefs, men animist rights and poverty( Solo andothers., 2005).

Despite these others have observed contrary relations of use of contraceptive with socio- profitable variables. In his study on factors affecting contraceptive use in Nigeria, Tawiah, using a retrogression analysis modeling linked that, replier’s age, type of place of hearthstone, religion, race, desire for further children, connubial duration, vacuity of electricity in the ménage, hubby’s blessing of contraception, hubby’s education and occupation, have no significant goods on current use of contraceptives( Tawiah, 1997).