Criminal Profilling And It’s Relevance In The Nigerian Criminal Justice System

Criminal Profilling And It’s Relevance In The Nigerian Criminal Justice System

Abstract

The Nigerian felonious justice system isn’t entirely ignorant or ignorant of the use and the graces of the operation of felonious profiling as a tool in crime disquisition. still, felonious profiling in Nigeria has not nearly reached the position of recognition, functionality or institutionalization that it has attained in other authorities.

This study aims to increase the mindfulness, explore the import, feasibility and the practicality of lawbreaker profiling in felonious acts especially those of violent and sexual nature with particular focus on the Nigerian felonious justice system. It’ll also give an explanatory notice of the loopholes and impediments in the system and ways felonious profiling can fill up these holes.

The exploration styles employed in this study includes a combination of both primary and secondary sources. These primary sources include colorful legislations relating to the felonious justice system in Nigeria and other authorities and countries most especially the USA and the UK. Legislations similar as the Criminal Code, The Police Act and the 1999 Constitution will be appertained to. Secondary sources include references to handbooks, journals and papers written by leading authors and scholars in the area of miscreant and lawbreaker profiling. Online papers, journals, objectifications and books will also serve as a secondary information source in this study.

The effectiveness of this field is greatly stressed in this thesis with the view that felonious investigative analysis will be effectively immersed into the justice system and admit as important recognition as it has in other authorities especially in the US and in major corridor of Europe. The question whether or not felonious profiling can be absorbed and modified to suit Nigeria is one which this design attempts to resolve, and if not, why.

Chapter One

General Introduction To Felonious Profiling

Background To The Study

“ The further outré and grotesque an incident is the more precisely it deserves to be examined, and the veritably point which appears to complicate a case, is, when properly considered and scientifically handled, the bone which is most likely to interpret it ” 1

This statement made by the world ‘s notorious fictional operative, Sherlock Holmes, and his endearing capability to break crime by describing the perpetrator from factual deductions is a skill participated by the expert investigative profiler. substantiation speaks of its own language of patterns and sequences that can reveal the lawbreaker ‘s behavioural characteristics. Like Sherlock Holmes, the profiler can say ― I know who he must be ‖.

It isn’t uncommon to watch in the news, read in the journals or in major pictures about periodical killers and violent culprits who murder, rape or assault victims due to certain analogous features that the victims all retain or out of certain distorted motive or intentions. utmost periodical killers and violent culprits are psychologically bloodied grounded on a peculiar once experience that make them seek some form of particular vendetta against persons who look or act like those that have hurt them in the history or just out of sheer perverse pleasure. These crimes are committed in peculiar mores with little or no material substantiation linking the malefactors to the act making it more delicate for the law enforcement to seize them. Forensic judges and psychologists over the times have sought means of relating similar culprits grounded on their mode of operation, hand geste , target victims and material substantiation from former crime scenes. This is where the process of felonious profiling is applied.

Felonious profiling has been defined in numerous ways by colorful scholars grounded on their distinct backgrounds and as similar, been called numerous names similar as felonious personality profiling, criminological profiling, behavioural profiling, felonious investigative analysis2, lawbreaker profiling, cerebral profiling, crime scene analysis, socio-cerebral profiling and relation analysis3

1 Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle, 1901, Sherlock Holmes “ The Hound Of Baskervilles ‖

2 A term used by The United States Of America ‘s Federal Bureau Of Investigation( FBI) Behavioural Science Unit

3Labuschagne,G.N., 2006, “ The Use of relation Analysis as substantiation in the Conviction of the Newcastle periodical Murder, South Africa ”, Journal of Investigative Psychology & lawbreaker Profiling, 3( 3), 183- 191.

1

Despite the different names, all of these tactics partake a common thing to help investigators examine substantiation from crime scenes and victim and substantiation reports to develop an lawbreaker description. Holmes states that the major function of profiling is to help in the discovery of malefactors by reasoning their particular attributes from information available in crimes.4

Felonious profiling is the identification of specific characteristics of an individual committing a particular crime by thorough methodical experimental process and an analysis of the crime scene, the victim, the forensic substantiation and the known data of the crime. It’s admitting the slanted validity of the perpetrator ‘s perspective to be suitable to prognosticate him ― without allowing yourself to come lost in him and his world ‖ 5. Felonious profiling is a behavioural and investigative tool that’s intended to help investigators to directly prognosticate and outline the characteristics of unknown felonious subjects or malefactors.6 A introductory premise of felonious profiling is that the way a person thinks( i.e., his or her patterns of thinking) directs the person ‘s geste . therefore, when the investigative profiler analyzes a crime scene and notes certain critical factors, he or she may be suitable to determine the motive and type of person who committed the crime.7 All the information from the crime scene is a reflection of the felonious ‘s geste and this geste can produce a unexpectedly accurate picture of the lawbreaker.8 This fashion has been used by felonious psychologists who are experts in this field to examine felonious geste and to estimate as well as conceivably prognosticate the unborn conduct of culprits.

Described as cerebral profiling, it’s a system of suspect identification which seeks to identify a person’s internal, emotional, and personality characteristics( as manifested in effects done or left at the crime scene) 9

Felonious profiling is a fairly new enforcement practice. It recently surfaced in the last two decades and still remains a largely controversial tool.10 It has come part of public knowledge indeed though

4 HolmesR.M, 1989, Sketching Violent Crimes An Investigative Tool; Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.

5 Wayne Choniki, Of The Arcane Research Group, United States Of America

6 KocsisR.N., 2009, Applied Criminal Psychology A Guide To Forensic Behavioural lores, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2009,Pp. 226

7 Douglas etal., 1986; Felonious Profiling From Crime Scene Analysis; Behavioural lores and The Law 403. Vol 4, Number4.8 http//forensic.thedatabase.org/faq.html penetrated March 21. 2011.

9 Berg Bruce, 2008, Criminal Investigation, 4th edition.

10 Wilson,P., Lincoln,R., Kocsis,R.( 1999), Validity, Utility and Ethics of Profiling periodical Violent and Sexual

malefactors. recaptured from http//epublications.bond.edu.au/hss.pubs/ 24,/ Accessed December 1st, 2014.

numerous people aren’t really sure what it’s and the great maturity of people have no idea at all of how it’s done. This ignorance is just as current in professional circles as amongst the lay public.11 Despite the wide use of felonious profiling in periodical crime examinations, the practice continues to endure fierce review from experimenters, who nearly unanimously agree that profiling lacks scientific foundation and depends on defective methodology. As a result the validity and mileage of felonious profiling is compromised to the extent where substantiation isn’t permissible in court, and serious deliveries of justice are caused. Profilers are frequently characterized as being socially alienated individualities, deeply troubled by their own selfless perceptivity into the minds of the unknown malefactors that they’re hunting. This view presented by fabrication and the media not only is fully false but also vehemently deceiving.12

The question whether felonious profiling is a wisdom or an art has been a common content of debate by psychologists and experts. It’s constantly asserted that profiling is more art than wisdom, and substantiation for its validity is limited. Holmes reports 1981 FBI data indicating that in 192 cases of profile generation, apprehensions were made in 88, but in only 17 of these did the profile contribute to arrest.13 Canter and Heritage cite more recent FBI claims of 80 delicacy, although this has been disputed.14 As Canter notes, if cerebral profiling is to achieve a firmer base than divination or spiritualism in abetting the police, ― psychologists need not only to establish the prophetic validity of the process, but also why it works ‖.15 There’s also a popular myth that profilers are ‗ psychic ‘, have special metaphysical and supernatural powers, and are born with an intuitive gift. Although there’s a quiet agreement that suspicion is an asset to the profiler, the rest is principally a myth, untrue. Turvey dismisses this myth by championing a discipline that entails the careful evaluation of physical substantiation, collected and duly anatomized by a platoon of specialists from different areas, for the purpose of totally reconstructing the crime scene, developing a strategy to help in the capture16. The contents of this design will still bandy the difficulties, issues and dubieties and also punctuate the significance and wisdom of felonious profiling.

11 ibid

12 http//forensicvictimology.blogspot.com/2013/07/Criminal-Profiling-Behavioral-Evidence-Analysis.html

13 ibid

14 BlackburnR., 1993, “ The Psychology of Criminal Conduct Theory, Research and Practice ” Wiley and Sons.

15 Canter, 1989, “ lawbreaker Profiling The Psychologist ” 2, 12- 16

16Turvey B, 1999, Felonious Profiling An preface To Behavioural Science Analysis,M.S. San Diego, Academic Press

3

The introductory idea for a profile is to gather a body of data yielding common patterns so that investigators can develop a description of an unknown suspect. lawbreaker profiling is predicated in the belief that it’s possible to work out the characteristics of an lawbreaker by examining the characteristics of their offences. It helps investigators examine substantiation from the crime scenes and victim and substantiation reports to develop an lawbreaker description. These descriptions may include the analysis of cerebral variables similar as personality and geste patterns, as well as demographic variables similar as age, race or geographic position. Investigators use profiling as a means to constrict down the suspect pool, or in structuring an interrogation of a suspect once restrained.17 It involves the psychology- trained experts using their knowledge on mortal geste , provocation and patterns to produce amulti-dimensional report. Although it doesn’t give the specific identity of the lawbreaker, it indicates the kind of person most likely to have committed the crime by fastening on certain behavioural and personality characteristics.

It should encompass the integration of material from the crime scene( i.e., blood stain substantiation), substantiation statements, necropsy findings, photos, related accoutrements similar as cameras seized at the crime scene, munitions, particulars used for torture, and a host of suggestions deduced from ― brainstorming sessions ‖ with forensic experts and police investigators.

Felonious profiling is done by the employment of both palpable and impalpable tools. The palpable tools involve the crime scene, the lawbreaker ‘s modus operandi( mode of operation), his hand geste , suggestions he or she may have left before in the commission of the offence as well as sapience into the possibility of having further than one person involved in the crime, victimology. Five behavioural characteristics that can be picked from the crime scene include the quantum of planning that went into the crime, the degree of control used by the lawbreaker, the escalation of emotion at the scene, the threat position of both the lawbreaker and victim, and the appearance of the crime scene( disorganized versus organized) 18. The impalpable tools include the profiler ‘s suspicion, knowledge, experience, the uncommon capability to objectively get ― into the mind ‖ of the felonious and suppose like him or her and an logical mind. This fashion might be considered a ― paper barracuda. ‖ It can be forcefully aggressive in helping forensic scientists concentrate on an disquisition, or it can be destructive in leading investigators amiss. At best it’s an spare companion to a complete forensic and felonious disquisition and a platoon

17 ibid.

4 trouble.19 The investigator goes through the following way or phases in the profiling process the evaluation of the crime and the felonious act or acts itself; comprehensive evaluation of the specifics of the crime scene( s); comprehensive analysis of the victim; evaluation of primary police reports; evaluation of the medical monitor ‘s necropsy protocol; development of a profile with critical lawbreaker characteristics, investigative suggestions rested on the construction of the profile; and eventually, the possible apprehension of the suspect.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

probing violent crimes especially murder can be a veritably delicate and hopeless process when there are no experts or trained labor force, biodata databases, Automated point Identification System( AFIS), no DNA database or outfit, and no ultramodern technological architectures.

To numerous authorities, a felonious disquisition system without these mentioned over may sound like a place in an grand tale from some time long history, but it’s not. This is the reality in some places similar as Nigeria.

The recent upsurge in violent crimes in Nigeria has created enormous query in the security of lives and property of individual and of social stability in Nigeria. The incidents of traditional crimes similar as fortified thievery, wildfire, murder, hijacking , rape, hired assassinations and ritual killings are exemplifications of the most serious and violent crimes, which have been on the increase in the recent history.

In Nigeria, numerous crimes go unsolved because of a lack of acceptable outfit and training. veritably infrequently do the police take fingerprints, there are no DNA laboratories, and there’s an extreme deficit of forensic and ballistics experts in the country. With nearly 160 million people, Nigeria is Africa ‘s most vibrant nation and also one of its longest republic but indeed Nigerians admit their felonious justice system is woeful. numerous culprits have gone scot free and numerous innocent people have been condemned by our justice system because there was no forensic relation to the crimes to condemn and vindicate them independently.

19 Ronald Turco, 2008, Criminal Profile Construction and Investigative Procedures ― Study of the Westley Dodd periodical

Sexual Murders ”R.N. Kocsis © Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

5

Experts have linked the numerous cases of unsolved crimes that dot Nigeria ‘s felonious justice system to the absence of forensic substantiation. Besides shy outfit, lack of regular training has also largely inhabited examinations and the solving and forestallment of crime. The poor training that police officers go through lacks global competitiveness.

The practice of cerebral profiling remains veritably much a virgin area and largely unpopular amongst law enforcement agencies in Nigeria particularly by the Nigeria Police Force in the course of their colorful examinations. Contrary to this, the practice has come extensively used in unraveling crimes by counterpart law enforcement agencies in advanced nations particularly the Federal examinations Bureau( FBI), USA and other western nation family agencies. This fashion has to be inculcated into the practices of the Nigerian felonious justice system in felonious examinations because its multitudinous benefits can not be overemphasized and our felonious justice system is in dire need of all the help it can get to ameliorate in crime forestallment and discovery.

points AND objects OF Felonious PROFILING

A felonious disquisition of any kind should start with the supposition that every human on the earth is a suspect. That’s to say, the suspect set is universal. One of the purposes of felonious profiling is to help an disquisition, at any phase, in moving from that universal set of questionable characteristics to a more separate set of questionable characteristics. It can not generally point to a specific person, or individuate one suspect from all others. It can, still, give sapience into the general characteristics of the lawbreaker( s) responsible. This type of sapience can be used to educate an investigative trouble, as well as attorneys, judges, and juries in a forensic environment(e.g., felonious proceedings, civil proceedings, and public sounds).

Felonious profiling is substantially used when the lawbreaker doesn’t leave any physical trace at the crime scene. As Douglas and Olshaker have refocused out, “ felonious profiling is used substantially by behavioural scientists and the police to constrict down an disquisition to those who retain certain behavioural and personality features that are revealed by the way a crime was committed ‖ 20. Continuing, Douglas and Olshaker also maintained that “ the primary thing is to prop original police in limiting and enriching their suspect list so that they can direct their coffers where they might do the most good ”.

20 John. Douglas,J., and Olshaker,M., 1999, Mindhunter Inside the FBI’s Elite periodical Crime Unit, New York Pocket Books 1996.

6

“ Another crucial use of a profile, is when necessary, to go visionary, which means letting the public come a mate in crime solving. The unknown suspect may have displayed some kind of odd geste to those close to him that will indicate his involvement with the crime. Getting the public, and hopefully those people to be apprehensive of what they’ve seen, telling them to come forward may break the case ”.21 Egger maintained that “ the purpose of profiling is to develop a behavioural compound, combining sociological and cerebral assessments of the lawbreaker. Profiling is generally grounded on the premise that an accurate analysis and interpretation of the crime scene and other locales related to the crime can indicate the type of person who committed the crime ”.22 Hence, “ because certain personality types parade analogous behavioural patterns( in other words, geste that becomes routine), knowledge and an understanding of the patterns can lead investigators to implicit suspects ”.23 also, Jackson and Bekerian maintained that “ a profile is grounded on the premise that the proper interpretation of crime scene substantiation can indicate the personality type of the existent( s) who committed the offence. It’s assumed that certain personality types parade analogous behavioural patterns and that knowledge of these patterns can help in the disquisition of the crime and the assessment of implicit suspects ”.24

Holmes and Holmes have outlined three major pretensions of profiling as follows.25

1) Social and Cerebral Assessments of malefactors.

This involves an evaluation of the social and cerebral characteristics of the lawbreaker. In fact, “ a profile should contain introductory and sound information concerning the social and cerebral core variables of the lawbreaker’s personality, including the lawbreaker’s race, age, employment status and type,

21 ibid

22 StevenA. Egger, 1999, Cerebral Profiling history, Present, and Future, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice,

15,No. 3, August 1999,243.23 ibid

24JanetL. Jackson, and BekerianD.A.( eds), 1997, Felonious profiling proposition, Research and Practice, 3, Chichester, John Wiley.

25Ronald.M.Holmes., and StephenT. Holmes, 1996, Sketching Violent Crimes An Investigative Tool,( 2nd ed. 1996) Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.

7

religion, connubial status, and position of education. This cerebral information will help to concentrate the disquisition by allowing police to constrict its range, which in turn will have a direct effect upon the number of days and weeks the police could spend on the case ”.26 It may also help the police to prognosticate possible unborn attacks;

2) Cerebral Evaluations of things set up In the Possession of Suspected malefactors.

This involves the evaluation of particulars set up at the suspect’s home, similar as monuments taken from the crime scenes, filmland, vids, books, magazines, particulars of pornography or other particulars that might point to the background and motives for the crimes, as well as link the suspect to the crime. similar physical substantiation could be listed on a hunt leave so the police take particular care to look for them. Holmes and Holmes noted the case of Jerry Brudos a vicious periodical killer in the United States who had such a fetish about his victims ’ grandly canted shoes. He took their shoes, wore and stored them at his home.27

3) Suggestions and strategies for canvassing suspected malefactors when they’re restrained.

Another primary thing of profiling is to suggest the most effective canvassing strategy to be used once the lawbreaker has been arrested. As there are different types of malefactors, one canvassing interrogation strategy may not be suitable for all the different types, especially when dealing with rapers. As Holmes and Homes have refocused out, “ not all people reply to questions in the same fashion. For one type of lawbreaker, one strategy may be effective, but it’s a mistake to assume that all those who commit analogous crimes will respond to the same canvassing strategy. For illustration, not all periodical manslayers kill for the same reasons, and not all respond to the same type of canvassing strategy. Violent particular malefactors also vary in their motives as well as their responses to interrogation.28 A good profile can give the police with strategies that may be effective for a particular lawbreaker.

It has been observed that felonious profiling is generally taken up late in an disquisition. It tends to be typically taken up as an volition where DNA profiling is insolvable because there were no samples

26 ibid27David Canter, 1994, Felonious murk Inside the mind a the periodical killer, 12.

28 David Canter and Rupert Heritage, 1990, “ A Multivariate Model of Sexual Offence Behaviour Developments In Offender Profiling ”, Journal of Forensic Psychiatry.

8 left wing at the scene of crime.29 There are obviously certain troubles with this approach. It’s thus suggested that in serious/ major crimes, felonious profiling should be used at the onset, along with the other ways. It shouldn’t be left till latterly in the disquisition when we’ve come to realize that no physical trace has been left at the crime scene, bearing in mind the issue of ‘ offered crime scenes ’. Important details might be lost latterly in the disquisition and as we know, crime scenes can be tampered with, by both rainfall conditions and mortal tampering.

BrentE. Turvey divided felonious profiling into two separate but equal surrounds, divided not by the system that’s employed to arrive at conclusions, but rather by their divergent pretensions and precedences.30 Turvey continued that ― these pretensions and precedences are mandated by a necessity that’s dependent upon when, in a given case, a profiler ‘s chops are requested ‖.31 The two time frames generally include the investigative phase, before a suspect has been arrested( or before a defendant is taken to court with a action), and the trial phase, while a suspect is being tried for a crime( or put on trial for damages).

Investigative Phase

The investigative phase involves behavioural substantiation analysis of the patterns of unknown perpetrators of known crimes. Felonious profilers tend to be called in to extremely violent, sexual and/ or raptorial cases when substantiation evidence, admissions, and/ or physical substantiation haven’t been enough to move the disquisition forward.

Primary pretensions

18 ibid

1. Evaluating the nature and value of forensic and behavioural evidence in a particular crime or series of related crimes;

2. Reducing the viable suspect pool in a criminal investigation;

3. Prioritizing the investigation into remaining suspects;

4. Linkage of potentially related crimes by identifying crime scene indicators and behaviour patterns (i.e., modus operandi and signature);

29 Ebisike Norbert, 2001, ―An Appraisal of the Forensic Science Evidence In Criminal Proceeding” London Greenway Press, 2001.

30Turvey, B., 2011, Criminal Profiling, 4th Ed., London: Elsevier Sciencehttp://forensicvictimology.blogspot.com/2013/07/Criminal-Profiling-Behavioral-Evidence-Analysis.html31 ibid

9

5. Assessment of the potential for escalation of nuisance criminal behaviour to more serious or more violent crimes (i.e., harassment, stalking, voyeurism);

6. Providing investigators with investigatively relevant leads and strategies;

7. Helping keep the overall investigation on track and undistracted by offering fresh and unbiased insights;

8. Developing communication, interview, or interrogation strategies when dealing with suspects

Trial Phase

The trial phase of criminal profiling involves analysis of known crimes for which there is a suspect or a defendant (sometimes a convicted defendant). It takes place in the preparation for hearings, trials, and post-conviction proceedings. Guilt, penalty, and appeal phases of trial are all appropriate times to use profiling techniques, depending on the evidence at issue.

Primary goals

1. Evaluating the nature and value of forensic and behavioural evidence to a particular crime or series of related crimes;

2. Helping to develop insight into offender fantasy and motivations;

3. Developing insight into offender motive and intent before, during, and after the commission of a crime (i.e., levels of planning, evidence of remorse, precautionary acts, etc.);

4. Linkage of potentially related crimes by identifying crime scene indicators and behaviour patterns (i.e., modus operandi and signature).

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Criminal profiling has been used successfully by law enforcement in several areas and is a valued means by which to narrow the field of investigation. Profiling does not provide the specific identity of the offender. Rather, it indicates the kind of person most likely to have committed a crime by focusing on certain behavioural and personality characteristics. This technique has been proven to be very

10

effective in various criminal investigations and in various criminal offences. Violent and sexual offenders lend themselves to profiling techniques. Through careful interview of the rape victim about the rapist‘s behaviour, law enforcement personnel begin to build a profile of the offender. The rationale behind this approach is that behaviour reflects personality, and by examining behaviour the investigator may be able to determine what type of person is responsible for the offence.

It is no news that the Nigerian criminal justice system faces some major setbacks especially the Nigerian police force in their investigation processes and inability in apprehending the right perpetrators of criminal acts and bringing such offenders to justice. The significance of this study is that showcases how and why the technique of criminal profiling is important and helpful to the police and law enforcement agents in Nigeria in determining criminal offenders and also in crime detection and prevention and reasons why it should not be overlooked as a resourceful tool in criminal investigations.

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research, which is undertaken in the light of the above stated problems and questions, is a qualitative one. It adopts an analytical approach and a comparative analytical approach.

The standard legal research method of case analysis is been used. This involves extensive case analysis. Cases that involved offender profiling is been analyzed. This method provides adequate background information on the relevance of criminal profiling in the criminal justice system.

The study will also be based on both primary and secondary legal sources. These primary sources include various legislations relating to the criminal justice system in Nigeria and other jurisdictions and countries most especially the USA and the UK. Secondary sources will include reference to textbooks, journals and articles written by leading authors and scholars in the area of criminal and offender profiling. Online articles, journals, abstracts and books will also serve as a secondary information source in this study.

The limitation to this project is the inability to carryout interviews with crime scene analysts and criminal profilers due to the rarity of such experts in the country. This limitation affects the access to first hand and up to date information on the different approaches to criminal profiling.

11 1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

Canter notes that ‘criminal profiling’ is a term coined by the FBI in the 1970’s to describe their criminal investigative analysis work.32 He maintained that “when FBI agents first began this work they invented a new term to grace their actions: criminal profiling. By doing so they created the impression of a package, a system that was sitting waiting to be employed, rather than the mixture of craft, experience and intellectual energy that they themselves admit is at the core of their activities‖.33

Canter sees criminal profiling as ‘criminal shadows’. He maintained that a criminal “leaves psychological traces, tell-tale patterns of behaviour that indicate the sort of person he is. Gleaned from the crime scene and reports from witnesses, these traces are more ambiguous and subtle than those examined by the biologist or physicist. They cannot be taken into a laboratory and dissected under the microscope. They are more like shadows, which undoubtedly are connected to the criminal who cast them, but they flicker and change, and it may not always be obvious where they come from. Yet, if they can be fixed and interpreted, criminal shadows can indicate where investigators should look and what sort of person they should be looking for‖.34 Canter and Heritage also maintained that “a criminal leaves evidence of his personality through his actions in relation to a crime. Any person’s behaviour exhibits characteristics unique to that person, as well as patterns and consistencies which are typical of the subgroup to which he or she belongs”.35

Ainsworth defined criminal profiling as “the process of using all the available information about a crime, a crime scene, and a victim, in order to compose a profile of the (as yet) unknown perpetrator.36 For Davies, “criminal profiling (more technically known as Criminal Investigative Analysis) is the name given to a variety of techniques whereby information gathered at a crime scene, including reports of an offender’s behaviour is used both to infer motivation for an offence and to produce a description of the type of person likely to be responsible.37

32 Ibid at 25

33 ibid

34 ibid

35 ibid at 26.

36 Peter .B. Ainsworth, 2001, Offender Profiling and Crime Analysis, 7, Devon Willian Publishing.

37 Anne Davies, 1992, Rapists Behaviour: A three Aspect Model as a Basis for Analysis and Identification of a Serial Crime, Forensic Science International, 173.

12

Geberth sees a felonious personality profile as “ an educated attempt to give investigative agencies with specific information as to the type of existent who may have committed a certain crime.38 Turvey, writing from a behavioural substantiation analysis point of view, defines felonious profiling as “ the process of inferring the personality characteristics of individualities responsible for committing felonious acts ‖.39 For Grubin, felonious profiling refers to “ information gathered at a crime scene, including reports of an lawbreaker’s geste , used both to infer provocation for an offence and to produce a description of the type of person likely to be responsible ”.40 According to Douglas and Olshaker, “ Felonious profiling is the development of an disquisition by means of accessible information regarding an offence and crime scene to collect a psychosomatic representation of the known mastermind of the crime ‖.41

Put simply, felonious profiling is a crime disquisition fashion whereby information gathered from the crime scene, substantiations, victims, necropsy reports and information about an lawbreaker’s geste is used to draw up a profile of the kind of person likely to commit similar crime. It’s a reciprocal fashion and is generally taken up when no physical traces were left at the crime scene. Felonious profiling doesn’t point to a specific lawbreaker. It’s grounded on the probability that someone with certain characteristics is likely to have committed a certain type of crime.

Personality rests on the supposition that at least certain malefactors have harmonious behavioural traits. Homant and Kennedy states that this thickness is allowed to persist from crime to crime and also to affect colorfulnon-criminal aspects of their personality and life, therefore making them to some extent, identifiable.42 Mischel points out that the traditional view of personality dispositions lead to supposition that individualities are characterized by stable and astronomically generalized dispositions that VernonJ. Geberth, 1996, Practical Homicide examinations Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic ways, 4th edition, 46 Boca Raton, CRC Press/ Taylor and Francis.39 Brent Turvey, 2002, Felonious Profiling preface to Behavioral substantiation Analysis, 1, San Diego Academic Press

2 nd Edition2002.40 Don Grubin, 1995, lawbreaker Profiling, Journal Of Forensic Psychology 259

41 Ibid at 18

42Homant & Kennedy, J; 1998 Psychological Aspects of Crime Scene Profiling; Validity Research; Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 25. 319- 343 endure over long ages of time and that induce density in their social geste across a wide range of situations.43

Each perpetrator commits his crime in a certain manner, thus each time a person commits crime he’ll do it in the same or at least a analogous fashion. This is a fabulous step in sense, and one that has been validated by tradition and common sense, both still, lower than dependable sources of knowledge. Holmes and Holmes admit that not all crimes are suitable for the profiling process. It’s just one of numerous tools and doesn’t replace good investigative ways. As profiling is intended as an investigative tool, it attempts to go beyond the reconstruction, to answer questions of intent and provocation.44 From these actually private answers it can give a clearer picture of the lawbreaker.

Felonious profiling is used substantially by behavioural scientists and the police to constrict down an disquisition to those suspects who retain certain behavioural and personality features that are revealed by the way a crime was committed. Douglas and Olshaker are of the opinion that geste reflects personality. thus, the primary thing is to prop original police in limiting and enriching their suspect list so they can direct their coffers where they might do the most good.45

In his book ― Felonious Psychology ”, Gross illustrates the significance of determining the lawbreaker ‘s character, his wishes and beliefs. He contended ― Is it not known that every deed is an outgrowth of the total character of the doer? Is it not considered that the deed and the character are reciprocal generalities, and that the character by means of which the deed is to be established can not be inferred from the deed alone? Each particular deed is thinkable only when a determinate character of the doer is brought in relation with it – a certain character predisposes to determinate deeds, another character makes them unbelievable andun-relatable with this or that person ‖ 46. There’s no simple way to prognosticate the unborn geste of malefactors.47

43Mischel, W; 1990 Personality Dispositions redefined and Revised; A View After Three Decades; InL. Pervin( Ed), text of Personality; proposition and exploration( 2nd Ed).,pp. 111- 134) New York; Guilford Press44 Holmes,R., & Holmes, S; 2000 Murder in America( 2nd Ed), Thousand Oaks, CA Sage

45 ibid

46 Gross.H.J.U. D, 1910, Felonious Psychology A Manual for Judges, interpreters And scholars.Manybooks.net

47 ibid

14

Blau and Rossmo assert that the profiling process is grounded on the premise that the interpretation of crime scene substantiation can indicate the personality type of the existent( s) who committed the offence.48

STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY

Chapter one focuses on the background and general preface to the study. It looks into the end and objects of felonious profiling, what its pretensions, senses and how crucially demanded it’s in the Nigerian felonious justice system.

Felonious profiling is an innovative but worrying fashion of crime disquisition. There are multitudinous clashing arguments as to the applicable discipline of lawbreaker profiling. In order to have a better understanding of this fashion, this study thus, presents a step by step analysis of the history and development of lawbreaker profiling which is been bandied in chapter two. In other authorities especially the United States of America and the United Kingdom, felonious profiling has developed and is still constantly developing into a veritably effective and effective fashion of felonious disquisition. The colorful stations to the fashion of felonious profiling in a particular governance are relatively different from the other and their approaches differ. This is considerably considered in chapter two of this study.

Since this study focuses substantially on the significance of felonious profiling in the felonious justice system most especially to that of Nigeria, the history, growth and development of the felonious justice system is been considerably bandied in chapter three. Felonious Profiling is substantially used by the police to constrict down suspects list in cases where no physical substantiation were left at the crime scene. As similar, focus will be placed solely on the Nigerian Police Force since they’re the druggies or proposed druggies of the felonious profiling fashion in their disquisition processes to determine the suspected malefactors on the felonious acts. In the light of this, the history, growth and development of the Nigerian police will be bandied.

The current standard in felonious examinations in Nigeria is been critically anatomized in order to determine where it stands amongst its counterparts in other colorful authorities. There’s also an in-

48 Blau,T. H; 1994 Cerebral Profiling. InT.H. Blau( Ed); Psychological Services for Law Enforcement(pp. 261- 274) New York Wiley; Rossmo,D. K; 2000 Geographic Profiling; Boca Raton; Florida; CRC Press,

15

depth look on the perception of the police to Nigerian citizens and their opinions on ways to resolve prominent issues faced by the police and the felonious justice system, if any.

The ways and different approaches of felonious profiling are critically anatomized in chapter four. This creates a clearer and easier understanding of how felonious profiling workshop and the step by step process of making use of felonious profiling in during felonious disquisition by felonious investigative judges. There are certain offences that felonious profiling is substantially effectively used and some that are not. The fashion was introduced to help law enforcement agencies break serious crimes similar as periodical rape or murder, and to a lower extent wildfire and property crime. At the heart of profiling lies the belief that it’s possible to identify the likely characteristics of an lawbreaker. This exploration discusses the incarnation of felonious geste in the below mentioned offences distributed into violent and sexual offences and, cyber and property crimes. This will include several case analyses where felonious profiling was used in colorful disquisition processes.

Although advances in crime discovery are ate , the profiling field appears gulfed with contradiction and disagreement. Social scientists argue that the discipline is unscientific due to methodologically weak exploration, while police officers appear skeptical about its benefits for working crime. Chapter four also includes an expansive analysis of the colorful examens and skeptical views of experts, felonious justice labor force and other applicable authorities on the use of felonious profiling and why it may not be so useful in our felonious justice system.

One of the points of this study is to give a relative analysis of the use of lawbreaker profiling in colorful authorities. Chapter four thus, discusses the applicability of lawbreaker profiling in England and the United States and how it has greatly supported and continues to help investigators and the felonious justice system as a whole in determining specific malefactors of felonious acts. It also examines the state of lawbreaker profiling in other countries.

The study concludes in chapter five with a comprehensive summary of the applicability of felonious profiling in felonious examinations in Nigeria. colorful recommendations is to be made as to ways this effective fashion can be inculcated by the Nigerian police and law enforcement agencies, ways to ameliorate the current norms of felonious examinations in Nigeria and also ways to elevate the Nigerian police force from the lapses that presently pulls them aquatic. The study also looks at the future of felonious profiling and suggests areas where farther exploration is demanded. This study conclusively argues for the objectification of felonious profiling ways into felonious examinations processes in Nigeria.