Gender Roles And Technology Adoption In Rubber Production In Edo State

Gender Roles And Technology Adoption In Rubber Production In Edo State

Chapter One

Preface

Background Information

Agriculture started with the early men who through the act of hunting discovered that creatures caught in traps alive, and kept for unborn consumption, began to give birth to youthful bones . They also observed that the wild fruits they travel to a distance to get, and consumed that the seeds thrown around the neighborhood germinated. This is how the sense of rearing creatures and civilization of crops began( Agriculture). Agriculture is veritably important to every nations of the world. In Nigeria, for illustration, over 70 of the population earns their living through husbandry or it affiliated occupation. In malignancy of this Nigeria’s population is still undernourished in terms of protein giving foods which results in malnutrition especially among children.

husbandry is a dominant exertion in the pastoral areas of Nigeria( Onyeabor and Alimba, 2006). According to National Institute for Socio- Economic Survey( NISER, 2003), there are about 40 percent of the Gross Domestic Product( GDP) and furnishing employment directly or laterally to over 71 percent of the Nigeria population. One of the major problems facing Nigeria moment is the need to transfigure her agrarian system from one depending on traditional inputs with high productivity. This will enable her match the rising prospects of her pastoral and civic area. The fact that men and women play an important part in husbandry product is an issue to be reckoned with.

Natural rubber( Heavea brasiliensis) which is traditionally native to the Amazon jungle of South America was introduced to Nigeria from England around 1895, with the first rubber estate established in Sapele in the present day Delta State in 1903.( Giroh etal., 2004). By 1925, there were formerly thousands of hectares of rubber estates that were generally possessed by Europeans in Southern Nigeria.

It should be noted that Nigeria has a veritably vast eventuality for rubber product especially in numerous of the southern countries in the country where the vegetative and climatic conditions are suitable for its product. Aigbokaen etal.,( 2000), Abolagba and Giroh( 2006) noted that rubber can be grown considerably in Edo, Delta, Ogun, Ondo, Abia, Anambra, Akwa- Ibom, Cross River, Imo, Ebonyi and Rivers countries where the periodic downfall range between 1800 mm and 2000 mm per annum. Rubber is grown in Edo State and large amounts are grown in small areas like Iguorhiaki, Ehor, Irrua in Esan Central Local Government Area.

Harvesting is done when it has attained the age of 6- 7 times when the trees are considered progressed and have attained a circumference circumference of 45 cm at a height of 150 cm from the ground. The situation in Nigeria presently pretends to drift from being a major exporter of rubber products into getting a net importer in the nearest future.

Rubber contributes principally three functions in the Nigerian frugality in terms of furnishing raw accoutrements foragro-based diligence, foreign exchange earnings and in the provision of employment. With respects to the provision of raw accoutrements , it should be noted that the uses to which rubber can be put is nearly innumerous. The latex from rubber is a vital material in the machine assiduity as it’s used in the manufacture of tyre, auto fenders, transmission belt, auto mat, seats etc. The latex is also used for the manufacture of glue, baby feeding bottle teat, condom, domestic and artificial gloves, balloons, eraser among others( Abolagba et al, 2003).

likewise, the rubber seeds when reused produce oil painting alkyd resins used for maquillages, cleaner, skin cream and hair soap. The rubber seed cutlet left as residue after oil painting is uprooted from the seed is also precious in compounding beast feeds( Fasina, 1998).

Technology relinquishment as a process that begins with mindfulness of the technology and progresses through a series of way that ends in applicable and effective operation. Technology druggies differ extensively in their stations towards technology and in their chops, ranging from early adopters who’ll master indeed the most delicate technology through to people who’ll noway borrow. Technology relinquishment is important because it’s the vehicle that allows utmost people to share in a fleetly changing world where technology has come central to our lives. The colorful conditioning involved in rubber product are carried out by men, women and youths.

Gender refers to socially assigned places and behaviours attributable to men and women( Deji, 2011). In utmost societies, men and women have distinct places with in the husbandry system. Gender differences in pastoral husbandry homes, vary extensively across societies but certain features are common. Women tend to concentrate their agrarian conditioning around the grange, primarily because of their domestic and reproductive places. They play a critical part in food product. Post crop conditioning or beast care, Akinsanya( 2002) suggested that certain conditioning are regarded as manly or womanish. In some setting, a rigid division of labor exists between men and women. Household members have separate income and expenditure while in another area, division of labor and specialization of tasks are less rigid and not disposed( Solomon 1995).

Historically, the part and liabilities of men and women were discerned to a large extent in the society. Ekong( 2003) concluded that no tasks were gender specific except child bearing. The social influence in Nigeria in the 50s contributed to original neglect of women in the agrarian sector. The extension services at that time emphasized the product of cash crops that were exported to their countries as artificial accoutrements and men were set up to be generally involved. At this period Olagogun( 2001) suggested that men elect land first hence, they elect the most productive part leaving women with land that are either being over used or land that are prone to corrosion or declination, so always, women come victims of unproductive land. This mode of temporary land accession also prevents women from planting endless crops like fruits, trees, oil painting- win, cocoa, coffee, rubber and other cash crops.

Grounded on the forenamed script, involvement of men and women in soil operation practices is anticipated to be different. still, lately, numerous Nigerian women are increasable involved in soil operation according to Decjene( 2003), due to the fact that both manly and womanish growers would like to increase their product and one of the stylish ways of doing this is to effectively manage soil using both the traditional practices similar as backcountry fallowing, mulching, terracing, addition of ordure, crop gyration etc and bettered practices similar as toxin operation, also studies had shown that some of the constraints facing manly and womanish growers are gender-specific according to Abera( 2003), Decjene( 2003) and world bank( 2007). Hence, the need to assess the places of pastoralist crop growers in soil operation practices across gender becomes veritably imperative with a view to adding food product in the study area.

Women have been shown to have minor influence in cropping patterns, they play major places in processing and marketing ranch products( Dossc Sofa Team( 2007), for rubber pivotal, although it’s delicate to assess who make the final decision of when to gather rubber, responses to former checks indicate that women play part in the decision. They know the request price more and more than men and further apprehensive of home food demand( Mayoux, 2011). There’s the need for small scale growers to borrow advanced product technologies, kinds, styles of storehouse, processing and application of product.

It’s still, pathetic that with the enormous implicit coffers that can be generated from rubber product, the crop has been neglected over the times, according to Abolagba and Giroh( 2006).

Statement of the Problem

Rubber product is largely dominated by a number of small scale growers in our pastoral areas and they’re substantially women who depend substantially on their traditional styles of husbandry.( Tanko 1993 – 1995) observed that women play part in the productive work on the ranch.

According to Tanko,( 1993- 1995) out of 95 small scale growers in Nigeria who actually feed the nation, 55 of them are women who still depend substantially on traditional planting accoutrements which gives low yield and high vulnerability similar as vulcanization, burning old tires in power factory releases thousands of poisons into the air. Fire trace, range of not lower than 30m, weed control, manually, chemically or mechanically, establishment and conservation of ground cover, mulching, water irrigation, pruning, regular control of pest and complaint, toxin operation. To reverse this, colorful institutions similar as International Institute of Tropical Agriculture( IITA) and Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria( RRIN) have developed and distributed bettered technologies of rubber tapping, collecting of latex, processing, storehouse and application of rubber and its products.

In malignancy of all these, rubber yield is still low and brazened with constraints. Men and women growers remain at the same position of product as a result of their lack of understanding of these new technologies, vacuity of inputs for product, power of land among demand. Grounded on this background, the following questions will be addressed. The questions are as follows

What are the socio- profitable characteristics of men and women rubber growers ’?

What are the conditioning performed in rubber product?

What are the places of men and women in rubber product?

What’s the extent or relinquishment on rubber technologies?

What are the constraints to part performances in rubber product?

Objects of the Study

The major ideal are to examine the gender places and technology relinquishment in Rubber Production in Edo State, Nigeria. This will be achieved through the following specific objects.

To describe the socio- profitable characteristics of the rubber growers by genders in the study area.

To identify the conditioning performed in rubber products

To examine gender places in rubber product.

To identify sources of information on rubber product

Examine technology relinquishment among gender orders in rubber product.

To identify the constraints faced by men and women in rubber product.

suppositions of the Study

Ho There’s no relationship between the socio- profitable characteristics and the gender involvement in rubber product.

Ho2 There’s no significant relationship between socio- profitable characteristics and relinquishment of rubber technology.

Ho3 There’s no significant difference between the involvement of manly and womanish in rubber product.

defense

Several studies have been carried out on the general donation of gender performance in Agriculture in Nigeria. still, not important work has been designed in the area of relating the gender part played in rubber product in Edo state.

This paper thus provides and sapience into this area by examining men and women’s part in rubber product in the study area. seeing with the processing of latex for illustration, there are formerly open requests for men and women growers. Locally in the study area, it’s imaged that the result of this work would be established for unborn assessment and evaluation.