Impact Of Broadcasting Media On The Usage Of Contraceptives By Rural Women

Impact Of Broadcasting Media On The Usage Of Contraceptives By Rural Women

Chapiter 1

Introduction, version 1.0

Background of the Study, Section 1.1

The fifth and final Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5), which is to reduce maternal mortality by three-quarters by the year 2015, has seen the slowest development of all the goals. 2009 (UNICEF).

Around 1,500 women per day worldwide pass away from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth, with developing nations accounting for 98 percent of these deaths, or 500,000 annually. Every year, 10 to 20 million additional women experience difficult pregnancies and delivery, which can lead to physical or mental problems. 2008 WHO Report.

50 percent of all maternal deaths globally occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, and another 35 percent occur in South Asia (UN Millennium Declaration).

The sadness of these avoidable lives is compounded by the significant costs associated with excessive maternal mortality for the rest of society. Costs might be direct, such as the price of healthcare (to families or the health system), or indirect, such as lost income and productivity for the mother and the family (mothers’ deaths have a negative impact on children’s health, development, and education) (Gill et al. 2007).

The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), which measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, is defined as “high” in the most recent progress report on the topic, Countdown to 2015: Tracking Progress in Maternal, Newborn & Child Survival. MMR levels this high are present in 60 countries at the moment (UNICEF 2008).

It has however become increasingly obvious that the ability of the health system and the role played by the media in each country to provide quality care as well as raising awareness, particularly in regards to girls’ education, family planning, good roads, and available transport for emergencies, depends on the success of these interventions.

Birth Control and Contraception

By interfering with the normal processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation, contraception (birth control) prevents conception. There are various forms of birth control that work at various stages of the process.

Purpose

A woman’s body starts the process that can result in pregnancy once a month. The uterine lining thickens in readiness for accepting a fertilized egg While an egg (ovum) matures, the mucus generated by the cervix (a cylindrical organ at the lower end of the uterus), alters to make it more hospitable to sperm.

Any woman who wishes to avoid becoming pregnant needs to utilize an effective method of birth control. Contraception, often known as birth control, is intended to thwart the natural course of things and avoid any potential pregnancies. Various birth control methods work at various stages of the process, from ovulation through fertilization and implantation. Each technique carries unique dangers and negative effects. Some approaches are more trustworthy than others.

Despite the fact that there are numerous birth control methods, they can be categorized into a few groups according to how they function. These groups consist of:

Using hormones as a form of medication, these techniques stop ovulation. Oral contraceptives include birth control tablets, Depo Provera injections, and Norplant are hormonal approaches.

Barrier techniques: These techniques stop the sperm from reaching the egg and fertilizing it. Condoms, both male and female, the diaphragm, and the cervical cap are all examples of barriers. The condom is the sole method of birth control that offers protection against STIs, such as HIV, which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), as well as against sexually transmitted infections.

Spermicides: These drugs instantly destroy sperm upon contact. Nonoxynyl-9 is present in most spermicides. Spermicides are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, including jelly, foam, pills, and even a clear film. Each is inserted into the vagina. Spermicides function best when used in conjunction with a barrier technique.

IUDs (intrauterine devices) are placed into the uterus and remain there for one to ten years. In addition to preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine lining, an IUD may also have other consequences.

Tubal ligation: This medical surgery offers women a long-term method of birth control. Either a knot or a flame is used to seal each fallopian tube. Both the sperm and the egg are unable to reach the uterus.

Vasectomy: A male form of sterilization, this medical treatment should be regarded as permanent. The microscopic tubes known as the vas defrens, which deliver sperm into the semen, are cut and shut off during a vasectomy.

Unfortunately, there isn’t a birth control method that works perfectly. The only behavior that reliably prevents unplanned pregnancies is abstinence (not engaging in sexual activity). The majority of birth control methods have very low failure rates or pregnancy rates. But some birth control methods are more challenging or inconvenient to use than others. In reality, because they are not used consistently, birth control techniques that are more challenging or inconvenient have far greater failure rates.

(http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Contraception.html#ixzz2bl1eOJMk)

There are numerous approaches to using birth control. They can be categorized into a number of groups:

Orally: Birth control tablets must be taken every day orally.

Depo Provera is a hormone drug that is injected and administered once every three months.

Long-acting hormonal birth control called Norplant is implanted under the skin of the upper arm.

Spermicides and barriers are effective in the vagina.

IUD is implanted intra-uterinally, or inside the uterus.

surgical: One type of surgery is tubal sterilization. The procedure must be carried out by a doctor in a surgical center or hospital. A lot of women require general anesthesia.

1.2 Definition of the Issue

Maternal mortality has increased worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and has been linked to a high level of illiteracy, poverty, religious belief, superstitions, and cultural background. Many of them are still unaware about the causes of maternal mortality, family planning, and various forms of contraception as a result of this background.

However, the study uses the women in the Iree village as a case study to evaluate how broadcast media affects rural women’s use of contraceptives.

1.3 The Study’s Objectives

to determine if women in the Iree community have received adequate education on the benefits of contraception through broadcast media.

if the number of unintended pregnancies among women in the Iree neighborhood has decreased as a result of broadcast media enlightenment programs.

to draw attention to some of the difficulties that broadcast media have in making women aware of the use of contraceptives.

to ascertain whether the women in the Iree community’s religious and cultural backgrounds have an impact on their use of contraception.

to determine whether the women’s educational backgrounds in Iree have an effect on how they accept and use contraceptive supplies.

to research the degree to which women are educated about material health through broadcast media.

to ascertain whether public service announcements on the use of contraception lower maternal mortality among women.

1.4 Questions for Research

How well-equipped has broadcast media been to inform women in the Iree community about the benefits of contraception?

Has the Iree community’s rate of unintended pregnancy among women decreased as a result of broadcast media education programs?

Is it difficult for broadcast media to educate women about using contraceptives?

How much do culture and religion affect women in the Iree community to use birth control?

How much does a woman’s educational status in Ireland affect her willingness to use and accept contraceptive methods?

What degree of material health education do women receive through broadcast media?

1.5 Importance of the Research

Media Professionals: The study will help the media professionals understand their role in educating women about concerns related to motherhood.

Government and health organizations: In order to be successful in their varied campaign activities and reach the target women, they must work in partnership with the media.

Individual: Each woman will gain from this research because it will make them more aware of various preventive measures they might take and the difficulties associated with each strategy.

Future Researchers: Researchers who will be writing about this topic or one that is related will find this material to be very fascinating and useful as a source.

1.6 The Study’s Scope

However, the main purpose of the experiment is to evaluate how broadcast media affects rural women’s use of contraception. By using the Iree community as a case study, the issue itself has constrained the study’s reach.

However, without taking into account the demographics of the women in the Iree community who will fill out the questionnaires, this cannot be discussed in an effective manner.

Before distributing research equipment, experience, educational background, age, sex, and other factors need to be taken into account.

Definitions of the Terms

To appraise anything is to judge its worth or quality, or to investigate or research it.

Broadcast media: These are ways to use radio and television to reach individuals living in various locations with information.

Contraceptives/Contraception: These are methods, particularly for women, of preventing pregnancy by the use of contraceptive methods, devices, or medications.

These are a group of women who reside in rural or semi-rural areas.

Deaths of women during pregnancy or childbirth are referred to as maternal mortality.

Methodology of Research, Section 1.8

Surveys will be employed as the study methodology in this case. According to the British Broadcasting Co-operation (BBC) English Dictionary, a “survey” is a thorough investigation and examination of something, someone, or an event with the goal of determining its facts, behavior, or opinion as a whole. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a survey is a questionnaire-based assessment of a group of people’s ideas or experiences.

Lawal (2006) asserts that the survey method entails the systematic analysis of data collecting from population samples through the same objective random data gathering of information from the topic about the opinion attitude and behavior on a specific issue of a natural event.

Theoretical Foundation

The theories that are pertinent to the study are listed below.

The Theory of Uses and Gratifications

According to the uses and gratifications idea, there is no consistency in how people perceive the media, use it, or for how long or for what purpose. People seek out and utilize the media in different ways.

Media perception among individuals

According to the uses and gratifications idea, there is no consistency in how people perceive the media, use it, or for how long or for what purpose. People seek out and utilize the media in different ways.

Theory of Individual Differences

According to this hypothesis, media effect varies from person to person since people’s psychological make-ups and worldviews are so vastly different. More specifically, “media messages contain specific sensory features that interact differently with audience members’ personality characteristics Per Defleur (1970:122).