Bio-metric Authentication Of Voters And Voting Process

Bio-metric Authentication Of Voters And Voting Process

Abstract

The choices that are made by using traditional styles are no longer preferred because of the long period of medication, fake voting, defective voting, miscalculations made in counting the votes, long period of counting and high cost of voting process. In order to avoid these disadvantages affecting directly the frugality and policy of the country, it’s obligatory to carry the available voting system to an electronic system. Replying to allegations of wide namer impersonation( or “ election apparel ”, as generally appertained to in Nigeria) the Independent National Electoral Commission( INEC) tried to conduct checkups in several constituencies to determine the extent of multiple voting and namer impersonation. This should have been possible by comparing the fingerprints in the choosers ’ rolls with the fingerprints captured by polling officers. The inspection results were inconclusive- while there was some substantiation of multiple voting, the matter remained largely undetermined. The main handicap for an effective inspection was the poor quality of namer verification carried out by polling officers and the poor quality of essay for fingerprints.

Chapter One

Preface

Preliminarily, advancing for general and original choices is done by pickers with voting papers and voting boxes in which the voting papers are placed. This system reveals some kinds of negative situations. Not been suitable to determine which party the stamp belongs to, the probability of placing the voting papers in wrong box, problems with counting the votes, loss of time when there happens to be some expostulations, paper printing and expenditures done for personel are some of the disadvatages of classical election system. The secret ballot is a abecedarian instrument for guarding the freedom of choice of choosers. For this reason, it’s necessary to use new technologies for making the election system more responsible, profitable and briskly.

Electronic election system is set into use in some countries, especially in USA and Europe, at the morning of nineties as a result of instituting technology and it came more responsible by perfecting itself at the present day. Electronic voting is an exertion of realising the voting in electronic terrain. Electronic election is a system which enables fast counting by electronic voting.

Electronic voting is used in some countries in the world and there are also studies about it( Babu and Padmavathamma, 2006; El- qawasmeh and Owais, 2010;

Folorunso etal., 2005; Hajjar etal., 2006). Electronic voting is used for administrative choices in Australia in 2001( Schoen and Faas, 2005), for pupil union choices in Austria in 2003( Prosser etal., 2003), for external choices in Canada in 2003( Nakhaie, 2006), for both general and original choices in India in 2003( Gorla, 2009). As a result of developments on information technologies in recent times, public opinion pates and nation-wide general choices will be realized briskly and more effectively on electronic terrain.

currently, security problems are endured with the fast developing technology. Besides developing the system, there are also so numerous studies and new styles for working the security problems of the developing system. As a result of developing technology, individual word is started to be used to meet the security conditions. In time, new styles are developed and card technologies are used due to closing the security holes about burglary of the cards or forgetting the individual watchwords. operation of the ID cards and Private Identification figures( Leg) come wide at card technologies( Sonkamble etal., 2010; Alkan and Bulut, 2010). inquiries on security and identification operations according to physical characteristics are realized due to limitations of this technology in time.

Biometric systems are the styles which make identification of people according to their physical characteristics. Biometric styles correspond of point, face, hand shape, retina, iris, and voice track styles( Sonkamble etal., 2010; Kadry and Smaili, 2010; Razzak etal., 2010). These styles may be used alone or together in the developed systems.

Point recognition system and ID system in biometric styles are constantly preferred because operations of them are easy and low- cost( Maltoni etal., 2009). point recognition system is the commanding system because everyone has different fingerprints, can’t be changed fluently and probability of loosing, forgeting and stealing of it’s insolvable. either, every cutlet has distinctive characteristics because fingerprints of every cutlet of a person are different( Altun etal., 2008).

For this reason, point system is used substantially alone or together with other biometric styles for furnishing security of the systems. point system is also used for identification of the internet operations.

In this study, biometric authentication system is aimed rather of traditional election systems. By developing the scarcities of the present system, biometric grounded election system has been developed.

Background Of The Study

Voting proposition formally began in the 18th century and ever ago, numerous offer has been made towards using electronic technologies to ameliorate choices( Sobia, Ummer, Ayesha, Usman, and Hassan, 2011). One of the essential features of republic is Election, republic encourages individual’s freedom with respect to the rule of law, so that individualities can express their opinion the way they wish, giving individualities the occasion to decide their leaders, and uninhibitedly express their passions on issues. Because of the All- inclusive protestation of Human Rights in the time 1948 that puts import on compelling circumstance of free choices, countries concentrated on an bettered and new voting process that are of significance to the election processes in the 21st century( Salomonsen, 2005).

Election is the process that enables individualities to choose their delegates and express their fellings on the way they will be administered( Kohno, Rubin, Stubblefield & Wallach, 2003),( Malkawi, Khasawneh & Al- Jarrah, 2009) and( Ashok & Ummal, 2011).

Nigerian election process has been done manually( advancing for original and general choices done by pickers with ballot papers and ballot boxes in which the papers are placed) since returned to popular rule in the time 1999, the homemade voting process was associated with a lot of problems and always redounded topost-election violence( Yekini, Oyeyinka, Oludipe & Lawal, 2012).

In the Federal democracy of Nigeria, advancing system is of two main orders, Manual Voting System( MVS) and Electronic Voting System( EVS).

The Manual Voting System( MVS) involves presenting eligible citizen with a list of rivals on a paper called ballot paper, to mark against their favorite rivals and place the ballot paper in a box called ballot box, this system of voting is used for senatorial and guardianship election processes in the country. Homemade voting system has some disadvantages, which include possibility of placing the ballot paper in the wrong ballot box, votes counting problem, loss of time when there happens to be some expostulations, paper printing and expenditures done for labor force, for these reasons, it’s necessary to use the new technologies to make the election system briskly, profitable and responsible because the trust that every vote will be tallied and recorded rightly is the foundation of a genuine republic( Ademand & Metin, 2011).

The Electronic Voting System( EVS) involves presenting eligible citizen with a list of rivals on a computer, to elect against their favorite rivals, this system of voting is used for presidential election in the country. The enhancement of information and dispatches technologies has allow for a fully computerised election process whereby counting of vote are carried out in real time, that the results are automatically out by the end of choices day( Rubin, 2002).

Statement of the Problem

With advances in information and communication technology, issue of security has gone far beyond ordinary word operation. This design sought to describe the biometric authentication system, as an advanced result to the being voting system of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The being system is still subordinated to possible loss of card, failure to card verification, and unguaranteed namer’s presence at the point and time of election. likewise, the EVS being system is used for the presidential election, while homemade voting system of ballot paper and ballot box is used for senatorial and guardianship choices.

Aim And Objects Of The Study

This design aimed at the development of a windows operation for the design and perpetration of a biometrics authentication system for choosers and voting process, with an bedded point, for stoner’s authentication to the system.

The following are the objects of this study

To study the being voting system use for election in the country for senatorial and guardianship campaigners in choices process.

To design a robust and secured system of voting using point biometric authentication recognition process.

To apply biometrics system form choosers and voting process in the country for senatorial election.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this design are to ameliorate confidentiality, integrity and namer’s identification in voting process, to reduce the time and stress of conducting homemade election( senatorial and guardianship), and to give equal position of security at the election ground.

Compass Of The Study

This design is deliberately designed for the Independent National Electoral Commission( INEC) election in the Federal Republic of Nigeria to overcome the problem of illegal conditioning during election, by making sure only eligible choosers have access to the system, incontinently outputting the results of the election, and icing that choosers have trust in the process of election. still, this system can be extended to other electoral system with little or no variations.

Limitations of the Study

Despite all the significance of this design, it’s also subordinated to some limitations, which includes the fact that it’s a desktop operation, it can not be used by the citizens at their convenience but has to come to the pull for the election, and only a point anthology from Digital personaInc. can be used for the registration and verification of stoner to the system.

Description Of Term

EVS – On line electronic voting system

E-voting– Electronic Voting

INEC– Independent National Electoral Commission

EVR– Electronic Voter Register

PU– Polling Unit

ICT– Information and communication Technology

ECIL– Federal Election Commission

ES & S– Election systems & software

VVPAT– vote empirical paper inspection trails

PEB– Particular Electronic Ballot

LEG– Particular Identity Number

MBB- Mobile Ballot Box

JBC- judges Booth Controller