Economic Dependency And Third World Under Development

Economic Dependency And Third World Under Development

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between the third world countries and the western commercial countries. It shows reliance as a miracle or problem of relationship that gave rise to the profitable growth and development of the western world in expenditure of the third world societies which are economically underdeveloped, and warrant the capacity and capability to control the profitable system or productive processes of the societies. In our attempt to dissect and address this problem we used reliance proposition for the logical frame while talkie exploration system was employed in gathering and assaying data. unstable relationship between Nigeria and countries of the western world coupled with negative part of the Nigeria profitable nobility was discovered as the major problem, it was caught on that this problem is historically embedded in foundation of the society, as similar, ordinary measures aren’t suitable, rather concrete type in form of socialist metamorphosis is recommended by the study.

Chapter One

Preface

profitable reliance is the lack of capacity and capability to control the profitable system or productive process of a society similar that the society as a state depends on foreign developed frugality countries for leadership and control through regulations and some profitable institution. The country that are depending on the rest are substantially poor countries of the third world, Nigeria is a typical poor third world country and underdeveloped that depend on the western world for decision and perpetration of profitable programs, thereby contributing to the profitable development of the west to her own detriment. For illustration,( SAP) structure Adjustment programme of 1986, National Directorate of employment( NDE) of 1986, Petroleum Trust Fund( PTF) poverty relief programmeetc. all seems to have end in failure after gulping in estimate material and mortal coffers, funded with loan and the associated intrest.

Since the profitable structure is disarticulated, being the main structure; the foundation; on which rise the political super structure; and which controls both the intellectual and material product, the recrimination is the underdevelopment of the entire society. The state of underdevelopment of the entire society raises serious alarm in whole third world countries and the transnational community. Historically, utmost of the third world countries suffering reliance. Passed common rigorous stages of development from slavery to colonialism/ imperialism, and to and to the contemporary globalization. What distinguished bone stage from the other was the intensification of the rate of repression and exploitation mounted on the poor third world countries by the economically developed west.

Statement Of Problem

What makes mortal is the capability to be independent from the choices of other people. People of the third world are regarded as bestial being because of absolute profitable reliance on the western developed husbandry. The problem of the study is that Nigeria like other third world countries has being suffering underdevelopment which radiated from dominant exploitative character of the western husbandry on which those of the third world depend. The anteceding raises some major questions

· What’s the major cause of profitable reliance in Nigeria?

· What’s the part of Nigerian profitable nobility in the profitable reliance problem of the country?

What part do transnational companies play in sustaining profitable reliance?

Objects Of The Study

In the light of the consideration thus is the purpose of this work which becomes the task of relating the literal forces which has generated profitable underdevelopment has continues to reproduce itself till moment. This history of profitable underdevelopment will be traced from the period of colonization to the present time.

It’s the end of this study to examine certain pivotal generalities that are nearly related to the problem of profitable reliance and underdevelopment, specifically

1. It’ll probe the major cause of profitable reliance in Nigeria.

2. To discover the impact or the part Nigerian profitable nobility in the profitable reliance problem of the country.

3. To examine the part of Chains in the profitable reliance of Nigeria

. Significance Of Study

This work will serve as material to other experimenter and in practical it’ll serve as a tool to the government guiding them on perpetration of programs, this programs shall serve as a companion to Nigerians development.

This work, prescribes how to manage the nations coffers, for the benefit of the general citizens, and this will determine the applicability of the being government programs.

. Theoretical Framework- Dependency Theory.

It’s important to explain what the proposition is each about in order to achieve a more concrete understanding of the theoritical frame of the study to this end, thus, a proposition functionally can be defined as a set of ideas, which give an explanation for commodity. In this study, some scholars in Latin America and Africa have there views concerning this proposition. They include Dos Santos, Andre Gunderetc.

According to Dos Santos( 1979) “ reliance relates to a situation which the frugality of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of the other to which the former is subordinated. The relation of inter dependence between two or further husbandry, and between these and the world trade, assumes the form of dependence when some countries the dominant bones which are the commercial nations like America can expand and can be tone sustaining while other countries the dependent bones like Nigeria can do this only as a reflection of expansion which can have either a negative or positive effect on their immediate development. ” There introductory supposition is that there’s a dialectical relationship between development and underdevelopment, in other words according to Andre Frank( 1975) “ Development and under development are two different sides of a universal literal process. ” To him what causes under development in third world is as a result of what brought about development in Europe and America.

This reliance concerns the centre which refers to the technological advanced countries of the world and the fringe refers to the third world countries, also, when looking at this theoretical frame we talk about the centre of the centre which refers to the civic areas of the world. Centre’s of the fringe refers to the civic centre of the developing countries like Nigeria, fringe of the centre refers to the pastoral areas of the industrialized countries while the fringe of the fringe refers to the pastoral areas of the developing country.

This is a relationship where the centre of the developed countries dictates the terns of theirco-existence economically, socially and politically. there’s an exploitative and perpendicular relationship between the centre of the centre and the centre of the fringe in this setup. Looking at this case the fringe is inferior to the centre. In this, the centre is assigned the part of manufacturing artificial products while the fringe produces primary goods – raw accoutrements and demanded coffers, the fringe now depends on the centre for her profitable survival and consumption of the formerly made products.

I prefer this proposition because it truly illustrates the exploitative natures of the developed countries to the less advanced country.( TV) which led to reliance.

. Suppositions

For the purpose of guidance and in order to achieve the statements of problems and the objects of this study, the experimenter has proposed the following thesis.

· The unstable exchange between the advanced commercial countries and third world country like Nigeria enhances profitable reliance.

· The conditioning of the Nigeria profitable nobility sustain the reliance problem of Nigeria.

· The conditioning of transnational pots perpetuates Nigeria continued dependent on the advanced countries.

. Literature Review

numerous papers and books have been written on the problems of profitable underdevelopment in the third world countries as a total some western written attributed this to the third world inferiority towards industrialization and that they’re unable of allowing constructively. They also said that the third world countries have to go through the long stages which the western nations have gone ahead reaching their present position of development. Some African pens on the other hand criticized this on the integration of third world frugality into the commercial system.

In Rodney book how Europe underdeveloped Africa( 1972), he shortly said, “ when two societies of different feathers come into dragged and effective contact, the rate and character of changes taking place in both is seriously affected to the extent that entirely new patterns are created two general rule can be observed to apply in similar cases. originally, the creator of the two societies(i.e the bone with lower profitable capacity) is set up to be directly affected- and the bigger the gap between the two societies concerned the more mischievous are the consequences ”.

Secondly, assuming that the lesser societies don’t survive, they eventually it can renew their own independent development only if it proceeds to a position advanced than that of the frugality which have preliminarily dominated it.

What Rodney( 1972) is principally saying is that underdevelopment results from unstable commerce between two societies. The more this unstable relationship lasts, the further the backwardness of the lower privileged bones , that this underdevelopment is a sign that societies have come into contact when they were in different situations. He further said that if the depressed society hopes that it can make any head way in that type of relationship, that it’s deceiving itself. The poverty of the lower privileged bone is the development of the other. This situation will be worsening as far as the relationship continues. He gave illustration of the European capitalism and the indigenous stalking societies of America and the Caribbean. He said that the contact between the two nearly canceled the latterly. This can be applicable in what’s passing in the commercial society moment, this is a warning that as far as the relationship lasts, the third world countries won’t make any advance to industrialization. From experience, it could be seen that the situation is worsening rather of perfecting. He uses Soviet Union, demitasse and Korea as the concrete cases of the operation of this rule. He said that these countries were nearly canceled when they came into contact with the more mature capitalism of the western Europe that these three societies advanced to their present state of development because they succeed these relationship with the commercial world and followed a new path altogether. He went further to conclude by saying that, “ indeed ”, as far as the two biggest socialist countries are concerned,( the soviet union and demitasse), societies development has formerly pelted them beyond countries similar as Britain and France, which have been following the commercial path for centuries.

Walter Rodney( 1972) entered the disadvantages that go with the unstable relationship with the advanced countries. He mentioned poverty recession, rapacityetc. he traced the present dilemma of Africa to the time it came into contact with the advanced countries. The contact was made in the 15th century. This contact is the result of the underdevelopment of Africa moment. That while Africa continues to stagnate, Europe continues to develop and that before this contact, Africa be developing on their own pace- but has been sinking since its contact with the commercial world. At the end he recommended the sourcing of this relationship and the relinquishment of socialist mode of product as Soviet Union and demitasse have done. He said that illiberalism aims at and has significantly achieved the creation of plenitude, so that the principle of egalitarian distribution becomes harmonious that the satisfaction of the wants of member of the society. That when this is achieved, the workers and the peasants will be in control of the frugality that the exploitation and misery will end. What Rodney( 1972) has said is what’s really passing to Africa moment. I explosively partake his view that the serving of the relationship between the two. tough he didn’t tell us the consequences of the serving of the relationship and how to avoid it.

Fanon( 1961) argued that Europe is literally the creation of the third world. The wealth which smoothen her is that which was stolen from the underdeveloped people. “ He went as far as saying that we shouldn’t fluctuate with gratefulness when any help comes from Europe. He says this should be the ratification of a double consummation the consummation by the settled people that it’s there due, and the consummation by the commercial power that in fact they must pay ”. What Fanon( 1961) is principally saying is that Africans should realize that Europe was created by them and thus should disregard anything that comes from them in the name of gifts or aid. Fanon( 1961) enumerated the felonious conditioning of the colonialists in their thievery adventure in Africa. These include displacements, butchery, forced labor and slavery.

These are the styles that capitalism used to increase its wealth its gold or diamond coffers and establish its power. He said that violence was their main instrument of accumulation. He mentioned in detail how the European conditioning affected the underdevelopment of Africans both mentally and physically, the duty of western culture on Africa.

He further castigated the indigenous bourgeoisie for their conditioning which is necessary to the internal weakness of the settled. He said this traditional weakness which is nearly natural to the public knowledge of underdeveloped countries, isn’t solely the result of the mutilation of the settled people by the result of the social governance. It’s also the result of the intellectual shiftlessness of the public middle class, of its spiritual poverty and of profoundly smart mould that its mind is set in. According to him, this bourgeoisie class who took over from the colonialist had little or nothing before they came into power. At the attainment of independence, they engaged in the accumulation of capital to the neglect of the millions that stood behind them during the time of struggle for independence. rather of investing in productive gambles, they prefer to invest in the bone that will yield quick plutocrat. Hence, he shortly remained. “ The landed bourgeoisie refuses to take the fewest pitfalls and remained opposed to any gambles and to any hazard, it has no intention of erecting upon beach, it demands solid investments and quick returns. On the other hand, large totalities are spent on display on buses , country house and all those effects which has been justly described by economists as characterizing an underdeveloped bourgeoisie ”.

Fanon( 1961) after condemning bourgeoisie conditioning recommended that it shouldn’t be allowed to find the conditions necessary for its actuality and growth. In other words, the concerted trouble of the millions led by a party and intellectualists who are largely conscious and fortified with revolutionary principles ought to bear the way to this utility and dangerous middle class. He also recommended the complete annihilation of the type of business to which this group of people engage in. eventually, he advised the underdeveloped countries not to imitate the European way of life and not to anticipate anything from them but to try and fashion out new life for the entire people of the underdeveloped society and recommended illiberalism if possible by violence.

Fanon( 1961) is really saying that the Europeans and unrighteous conditioning of the indigenous bourgeoisie is true. But unfortunately he didn’t tell us how this indigenous bourgeoisie surfaced and the condition which was necessary to their emergence and geste . In other words, he failed to tell us the conditions or the forces that made the conditioning of the group of people successful.

A group of pens,i.e, western pens has a contrary view of with Rodneys( 1972) jotting, to this group of pens, colonialism wasn’t responsible to African underdevelopment, that the relationship served the settled further than the advanced countries, therefore they said that “ it’s possible too that the development of colonies – particularly in the further backward areas of the world may be a source of profit neither to the metropolitan or any other advanced country, but that in itself would not prove that the enterprise wasn’t worthwhile, for the increase in material the well being of the social population might, in terms of real wealth, further than neutralize the slight decline caused away by subsidizing the colony ”. This pen agreed that the enterprise was worthwhile but that what the pioneers gathered as material wealth was used to develop the colonies. But nearly in this country they feel to contradict themselves by saying that there was a kind of unstable relationship between the social powers and the settled where not allowed to developed its own indigenous technology because similar would contend with the technologies to the advanced societies which would in turn hinder the expansion of their request, this in effect shows that the enterprise served anything from European powers more than the settled if the settled really served anything from it, these group of pens only talked about the expenditure of administering the colony by the settled, that it was only a negligible part of this collection that went to the settled while the rest went to the mama land of the pioneers

Ake( 1981) a political frugality of Africa, he dealt considerably on the contemporary features of Africa, the chain of events that generated the present condition of Africa and how they might be changed in the future, he traced the history of Africa from the social period to the history of Africa from the social period to theneo-colonial period. he also direct considerably on the strategies which the public leaders have espoused to effect development, these strategies failed to work because of the transnational atmosphere which make the plan unrealistic, but said that “ more frequently than not, the plan is really not a strategy for development but an aggregation of systems and programs, which may occasionally be inharmonious ” this suggests that the leaders tends to attack the problem from the wrong angle like the other pens mentioned formerly, he agreed that the underdevelopment of Africa is as a result of its long contact with capitalism, also he said that the public bourgeoisie contributes a lot to underdevelopment of Africa, but he went further than Rodney( 1972) and Fanon( 1961) to show the conditions that led to the emergence of the petty bourgeoisie, the instrument of this accumulation and the publicpost-colonial state.

According to him, thepost-colonial state involves itself in the class struggle. That’s to say that the state was largely politicized. the state is an instrument of wealth accumulation, said he ” incompletely because of this fact whose significance is the perception of the state as being veritably partial) and incompletely because the state power in question is largely developed, there’s a better struggle to gain control of it, a critical focus of this struggle is the control of government, which is the formal access to state power, therefore in Africa those in Africa, those in office do all they can to immortalize their hold on it, and those out of office do all they can to get it, there’s hardly any restraint beyond prudence as to passable means for this struggle. Because of the state and the ruling class, the boundary between them is blurred. the recrimination of this and he went on “ is a crudely rough class rule; because the state and government are too involved in the class struggle, and because of the high decoration placed on political power on the tone in politics is largely authoritarian and hegemonic body of the bourgeoisie adopts a siege intelligence

Fortunately, the tendency to accumulate through the use of state power rather than through productive conditioning makes post social capitalism less conducive to the development of productive forces and the increase of fat ”. In conclusion, he recommended illiberalism but went on to say that the state of the development forces in Africa will be mischievous to the attainment of illiberalism. He also mentioned the commerce of the external forces as an handicap to illiberalism, but said that “ in the long run ideal conditions are more likely to move Africa to illiberalism.

Offiong( 1980) Nigeria imperialism and reliance recommended a change in the transnational profitable order. Like the three pen formerly mentioned, he believed that the underdevelopment of the third world countries is brought about by plutocrats intervention in the frugality of the third world countries. therefore he asserted that, the perseverance and expansive relations( imperialism and exploitation) of the developed countries are the beginning reason for third world underdevelopment, and the distorted and balanced growth in those countries. The deformations in the association and application of a nations mortal and natural coffers makes it extremely delicate for such a country to make a transition for a balanced and tone- sustaining growth. But this transition has to be made in order to manage successfully with the survival challenges; he traced the history of underdevelopment from the period of slavery to the present stage ofneo-colonialism. He discusses obstacles that stymie Africa much towards profitable freedom. He goes on to say that foreign aid is an instrument of reliance. He refuted the allegation that chains the in developing the husbandry of the host nations. rather they prompt the programs of their mama country and commit all kind of atrocities that are mischievous to their hosts growth. He also sees the CIA as an instrument of promoting interest of chains. This is why the USA is concerned with the conditioning of the leaders in the third world countries. He further blamed the original bourgeoisie who unite with their transnational counterparts to defraud and exploit their motherland. But unlike Fanon( 1961) didn’t recommend how these original bourgeoisies should be brought under control. He examines the effect of underdevelopment in the third world countries.

Unlike Ake( 1981) Offiong( 1980) didn’t trace the history of the active original bourgeoisie and what gave rise to their unrighteous conditioning and how to deal with them. He dwells considerably on the conditioning of the chains but didn’t recommend an effective way of checking them. His moral recommendation on how to bring chains under control is romantic, knowing completely well that formerly they’re allowed to live at each in a country, that it’ll be insolvable to bring their unrighteous conditioning under control. Indeed the moves formerly taken to check their conditioning by the third world countries have proved unproductive. I explosively believe that anything short of outright nationalization of the chains won’t be an effective move to achieve profitable independence. So far the third world countries are still in contact with the developed countries, the question of achieving new profitable order recommended by Offiong( 1980) will noway materialize. It’s another way of maintaining reliance. Eventually, his failure to recommend the serving of contact with the developed countries reduces the achievement of new profitable order or attainable.

Nwankwo( 1981) like Offiong( 1980) dwells considerably of the unrighteous conditioning of the transnational pot( MNCS) in Nigeria, but unlike Offiong,( 1980) he recommends outright nationalization of these companies. He enumerated the visible conditioning of the chains which include

· Monopolization of the means of product.

· The extradition of gains etc.

On the unnoticeable conditioning of MNCS, he says that they engage in transfer pricing and over invoicing after importing the advantages and disadvantages of the chains, he concluded that their disadvantages overbalanced the advantages. He argues that that the benefactions of these pots are at belt Illusory.

On the unnoticeable conditioning of MNCS, he says that they engage in transfer pricing and over invoicing after importing the advantages and disadvantages of the chains, he concluded that their disadvantages overbalanced the advantages. He argues that that the benefactions of these pots are at belt Illusory.

Nwosu( 1980) on the other hand sees Nigerian entrepreneurs as responsible for the Nigerian frugality by foreign investments. To him, the incapability of the indigenous businessman to invest in productive gambles accounts for the ceaseless multifariousness of foreign diligence in the country which are the extend arms of the chains, rather of investing in productive adventure they engage in contracts and quick plutocrat yielding business, according to him trading and the constricting conditioning are regarded as the quickest means of adding income. Entrepreneurial station accounts for transcendence of foreign entrepreneurs in the manufacturing sector of Nigerian frugality. The artificial scene is dominated by diligence which are always the extend arms of chains, the absence of Nigerians in conceiving, designing and enforcing manufacturing conditioning on their own has led to a new type of profitable domination of the frugality by foreign companies who subtly mandate terms and type ”. He goes on to say that unless this station to product is changed that the prospects of artificial take- off will still be undermined. In other words, the station of the indigenous upper class towards product undermines artificial take- off in Nigeria, that crying against the perseverance domination of the Nigerian frugality, through factual isn’t enough that the most important is the provident liberation for the citizens by Nigerians both industrially and inclusively in order to dominate the reunite capability for tone reliance. In the end he recommends mass product and processing of manufactured goods into useable goods by Nigerians them success as a pure way to tone reliance.

All the textbook books so far reviewed are principally saying the same thing but from different angles, this boils down to the conclusion that the underdevelopment of the third world countries in general and Nigeria in particular is due to the integration of their frugality into the commercial system. The contents of these lectures and further will unfold as we antecede the other chapters

Description Of Terms

To avoid deformation and misapprehension of words, there’s need to define some generalities used in this work.

Modernization Is the “ process whereby society or social institutions change or move from traditional or less advanced bones to those that characterize the advanced bones . For this work, modernization is seen as involving a complex or changes in institutions or societies for the betterment of citizens.

Profitable Reliance This means depending on the developed countries for over profitable problems, that’s the noncommercial importation of western art crafts for our experimental purposes, we depend on the west for goods and services which we can not produce for ourselves with the coffers available at disposal.

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Economic Development Is the capability of a country to deal with its environmental through the knowledge of wisdom and technology and applying this in changing its terrain. thus, development connotes training in the art of using original coffers and creative mortal energy in the problem working rather than a noncommercial limitation of the path to a good life that some societies have achieved.

Underdevelopment This means profitable backwardness which results from the incapability of a country to deal with its surroundings, the underdevelopment is characterized by lack of indigenous assiduity, shy product of food, unscientific husbandry, underdevelopment isn’t absence of development but it makes sense only as a way of comparing situations of development. Underdevelopment is veritably important tied to the fact mortal social development has been uneven and from a rigorously profitable view part some mortal groups have advanced further by producing further and getting fat.

Comprador Bourgeoisie These are the internal bourgeoisie that’s those that help the westerners in the control of means of product.

Bourgeoisie These are the existent that enjoy and control the means of product. the achieve that with the help of the comprador in exploiting the nation.

Transnational Pot( MNCs) These are foreign acquainted companies in less developed countries( LDCs).

Loans These are aids given to lower advanced nations or countries( LDCs)

Profitable Elites

Profitable Nobility are the individualities that help in impacting profitable programs in some countries of the world.

Capitalist Countries These are western confederated nations that stick in Europe and North America and have colonies in Africa and other third world countries.

Financial Institutions These are financial or financial institutions that give loan to other countries especially third world countries.

Profitable Programs These are guidelines used in the profitable development of a nation. In Nigeria new have( SAP) Structural Adjustment Programs.( NDE) National Directorate of Employment.etc.

Importation These involve the movement of goods from outside the country to another, in this sense it involves the western plutocrats and third world countries.

Exportation This involves the movement of goods from a country to other countries.

Methodology This involve talkie exploration system was used in gathering and assaying data for the design work. Again review of applicable handbooks, journals, internet and all applicable publications and journals on profitable reliance are used in this work. thus, the system of data analysis is explicatory in nature.

Since the system of data is grounded on secondary source, the system of data analysis is grounded on the qualitative system of data analysis, which is explicatory in nature. This would help in chancing out the degree of effectiveness of what led to third world reliance.

Compass Of Study

This study concentrate on what led to the third world reliance Nigeria to be precise. still, this study is confined on the underdevelopment of Nigeria.