Prawn Health Management And Disease Control To Sustain Hatchery And Pond Production Systems

Prawn Health Management And Disease Control To Sustain Hatchery And Pond Production Systems

Chapter One

Preface

Background To The Study

Total world crop of prawns in the Africa was2.1 in 1981. In 1989 it had risen to 26. still, complaint and pond terrain problems are causing difficulties. During the early 1990s, total product dropped in all the Prawn producing countries. Losses due to complaint in Indonesia have been estimated atUS$ 300 million, and in the Philippines only 65 of prawn hatcheries are operative also due to conditions. Bacteria in the rubric Vibrio have been intertwined as a major cause of the problem. An outbreak of vibriosis can kill 70- 90 of juvenile prawns, and significant product losses can affect from low- position habitual mortalities and growth depression. utmost hatcheries calculate on antibiotics to achieve respectable survival situations. This encourages the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria, and thus, isn’t sustainable. Also, aerosols containing antibiotic- resistant bacteria or antibiotics themselves pose health hazards to hatchery workers, and disposing treated water presents environmental pitfalls. Monoculture has been an important sector in the preface, transfer and spread of submarine conditions in the prawn monoculture.

The preface of fantastic pathogens along with recently introduced submarine creatures has too frequently redounded in severe socio- profitable and ecological impacts( Klinger and Floyd, 2002). still, good prawn hatchery operation practices, including rigorous webbing of posterity stock for pathogens and routine diagnostics and treatment of shindig and fingerlings, will do much to reduce the possibilities of grazing unhealthy seed and the spread of complaint into new areas( Arthur and Subasinghe, 2002). Losses of further than$ 70 million due to complaint- convinced mortality and disabled growth are incurred annually in Andhra Pradesh. Ectoparasitic conditions regard for 70 per cent of the problems, while bacterial and fungal conditions regard for27.5 per cent and2.5 per cent problems, independently( Rao etal., 1992). Fungal infections are common among numerous prawn species and can prove fatal if not treated beforehand. Prevalence of white spot viral complaint had caused high mortalities and severe damage to the prawn culture assiduity in Indonesia and India( Hatai, 1994; Anon, 1994). A global estimate of complaint losses in monoculture by the World Bank in 1997 was of the order ofUS$ 3 billion per annum. The major health problems were linked in prawn husbandry but weren’t suitable to quantify either health-affiliated losses or the health operation costs incurred by the growers( Subasinghe, 2001 Mohan and Bhatta, 2002).

The high threat of complaint transmission and sponger infestations among species has increased the position of query which the ranch directors have to contend to develop the assiduity( Pozio and Rosa, 2005). Scarfe etal.( 2005) have observed that monoculturebio-security programs addressing the submarine beast pathogens and conditions have come an important focus for the monoculture assiduity. utmost of the growers are apprehensive about the consequences of conditions on growth, survival and final product, but only a small chance is suitable to identify the problems and quantify complaint-affiliated losses. The maturity of growers depends on musketeers, advisers , deals persons or druggists for advice on opinion and drug. The advice of feed and chemical deals persons is likely to be poisoned with their marketing interests( Mohan and Bhatta, 2002; MacRae etal., 2002). Hence, assessment of the profitable impact of complaint in monoculture is vital to develop planter- acquainted primary prawn health operation packages and in determining the optimal investment for prawn complaint control( Faruk etal., 2004). Under this background, the present study is been conducted to dissect prawn health operation and complaint control to sustain hatchery and pond product systems.

Statement Of The Problem

nonstop exchange of a small proportion of the water is the normal way of maintaining good water quality in prawn monoculture. still, some growers change water more suddenly every two weeks, and by much larger proportions, because this tends to make the prawns moult. The further that moult( and are thus soft- shelled) at the same time, the lower implicit losses there may be due to cannibalism. Low dissolved oxygen should be suspected if prawns begin to crawl out of the ponds or congregate at the edges of the pond indaylight.However, flush the pond, If this problem occurs. veritably high pH situations in brackish prawn ponds can beget prawn mortalities, both because of the direct effect of the pH itself and because of the lesser solubility of waste ammonia at high pH. High pH is frequently caused by thick phytoplankton blooms. Major problems that may arise during culture are mortality of the stock due to low dissolved oxygen in the pond water. Heavy plankton bloom, veritably low water position and lack of water exchange leads to low dissolved oxygen situations. nonstop stormy/ cloudy days precipitate this problem. Immediate water exchange or aeration of ponds during night hours prevents this problem. Development of nethermost algae due to high translucency of water is another problem during monoculture of prawns. To avoid this problem always maintain translucency in 30- 40 cm range by frequent fertilization. Predation is one of the topmost problems for any monoculture enterprise, including brackish prawn husbandry. Pond operation is the major key to prawn health operation.

Objects Of The Study

The following are the objects of this study

1. To examine the criteria for prawn health operation and complaint control to sustain hatchery and pond product systems.

2. To examine the part of pond operation in the prawn health operation system.

3. To identify the common factors that predisposes prawn monoculture system to conditions.

Exploration Questions

1. What are the criteria for prawn health operation and complaint control to sustain hatchery and pond product systems?

2. What’s the part of pond operation in the prawn health operation system?

3. What are the common factors that dispose prawn monoculture system to conditions?

Significance Of The Study

The following are the significance of this study

1. The outgrowth of this study will reveal the approaches to prawn health operation and complaint control to sustain hatchery and pond product systems.

2. This exploration will be a donation to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality particularity on pupil’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for unborn exploration in the subject area.

Compass/ Limitations Of The Study

This study will cover the approaches to prawn health operation and complaint control to sustain hatchery and pond product systems.

Limitation Of Study

Financial constraint-inadequate fund tends to stymie the effectiveness of the experimenter in sourcing for the applicable accoutrements , literature or information and in the process of data collection( internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The experimenter will contemporaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This accordingly will cut down on the time devoted for the exploration work.

References

Arthur,J.R. and Subasinghe,R.P.( 2002) Implicit adverse socio- profitable and natural impacts of submarine beast pathogens due to hatchery- grounded improvement of inland open water systems, and possibilities for their minimization. In Primary Submarine Beast Health Care in Rural, Smallscale Aquaculture Development. FAO Fish Technical Paper.pp. 113- 126.

Faruk,M.A.R., Sarker,M.M.R., Alam,M.J. and Kabir,M.B.( 2004) profitable loss from fish conditions on pastoral brackish monoculture of Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological lores, 7(12)2086-2091.

Hatai,K. and Hoshai, GI.( 1994) Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia parasitica Coker. In Salmon saprolegniasis, EdG.J. Mueller.U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, USA.pp. 87- 98.