Internet Penetration And The Adoption Of Television Streaming Among Stakeholders In South-west NIGERIA

Internet Penetration And The Adoption Of Television Streaming Among Stakeholders In South-west Nigeria

Chapter One

Preface

Background to the Study

Advancement in computer technology has led to numerous inventions especially with the arrival of the Internet. The proliferation of the Internet is changing different sectors in the world, the media assiduity inclusive. One of the innovative operations of the Internet to the media assiduity is TV streaming- the practice by which TV stations give media contents online. Technological confluence as defined by Okoro( 2006) is the “ the nonstop development in media technology aimed at bringing about a mix in technologies in the process of communication delivery ”p. 4. The recrimination of this is the meeting point between computer technologies and TV leading to the conformation of TV streaming. TV streaming as described by Gerbarg and Noam( 2003) is the “ definitive digital confluence medium putting together TV, telecommunications, the Internet, computer operations ”p. xxi.

Before the arrival of the Internet, TV stations were limited by geographical boundaries and by signal strength of airwaves. For TV observers also, the feedback medium was either limited or delayed because not all the cult could give their views or opinions about happenings around them. In addition, limited TV programmes were available for TV cult, at a quested time. therefore, TV cult are frequently ladened with limited choice of TV programmes and there was no volition means of watching a missed programme. still, one major benefit of TV streaming to media drivers is that it creates a forum to a wider reach of followership because they aren’t restrained by on- air signal or content. As similar, TV stations ’ contents that are streamed online can be viewed across geographical boundaries. To the followership, they also stand to profit from watching TV programmes on the Internet. The invention of TV streaming aid the cult to watch their favourite TV programmes anyhow of wherever they’re in the world as long as they’re connected to the Internet. It also reduces the frequence by which cult miss TV programmes because they can now pierce missed favourite programmes using videotape on Demand( VoD) TV viewing on the Internet. With a laptop or a mobile phone, followership can connect to a TV station’s website in order to watch programmes as TV programmes can now be viewed on the move and this elevates TV to a mobile medium status.

Ikpe and Olise( 2010) and Livingstone( 2003) observed that with TV streaming, the compass of TV content is enhanced; the geographical signal limitation of a TV station is excluded as it paves way for a broader and wider followership slice across geographical boundaries. The need for the relinquishment of TV streaming is imperative as the media followership is shifting from the traditional media to the new media due to its feedback medium which enhances interactivity among media professionals and media cult. For a smooth streaming experience still, Mirza and Beltrán( 2014) argued that high- speed broadband technologies should be in place to enhance individual consumption. For this to be achieved, streaming media operations are compressed to be compatible with the end druggies ’ Internet connectivity. This implies that streaming services take into consideration the vacuity and quality of Internet connectivity that the end druggies retain.

Vliet( 2002) defined Internet as a global network through which millions of druggies exchange data with series of networks associated with an organisation. The Internet, as suggested by Pratama and Al- Shaikh( 2012) is also the “ symbol of technological period ”p. 2. Fashionability of the Internet in the 21st century has not only brought inventions to the media assiduity but to every sector of the frugality. The Internet technology can be said to have changed the face of broadcasting with the generality of radio and TV streaming. In a shot to tap into this technological period of Internet and to follow followership shift to the new media, broadcasters began to stream their contents online. For the cult to view TV programmes in a synchronised fashion on the Internet, it’s needed that there should be ubiquitous and affordable broadband( Gerbarg & Noam, 2003). While this may be taken for granted in the developed countries of the West for illustration, it still raises questions on architectures that are in place to enhance Internet access and connectivity in a country similar as Nigeria.

Internet penetration, which largely can determine the expansive utilisation of the total broadband capacity available refers to the proportion of people that have access to the Internet and those that don’t have access to the Internet. In addition, it measures the growth of Internet access in a given geographical region. Statistics have shown a rise in the number of people that pierce the Internet over the span of 15 times in Nigeria. For illustration, Internet World Stats( 2016); Internet Society( 2016) and Premium Times( 2016) reported that Internet druggies as at August 2016 have increased to on both Global System for Mobile dispatches( GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access( CDMA) networks. Internet druggies can therefore pierce the Internet either using the mobile Internet platform or the fixed Internet known as the CDMA handed by telecommunication services. Internet druggies with being Internet architectures can now pierce the Internet through computer bias similar as smart phone, other mobile phones that have Internet features tablets and laptops.

Studies have still shown that demographic characteristics of repliers similar as age, education, income, employment status, gender and connubial status determine the use of the Internet and the relinquishment of TV streaming. This led to the totality of Penard, Poussing, Mukoko, Tamokwe( 2013); Rhee and Kim( 2004); Yang and Kang( 2006) that the youthful, educated and employed are major druggies of the Internet because this class of people are anticipated to have the necessary computer chops demanded for Internet operation and the relinquishment of TV streaming. TV streaming adopters to an extent must also retain the specialized chops demanded in operating computer bias before they can conclude for watching TV programmes online. Viard and Economides( 2011) also argued that Internet content will be more seductive to those that are educated and can read in English because utmost Internet contents are in English language. The demographic characteristics have led to what’s called digital peak- “ the gap between those who have effective access to and exploit the eventuality of IT and those who do not ”( Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014,p. 2).

The Internet Society, Nigeria Chapter( 2016) and West( 2015) also bared that some of the factors affecting Internet use in Nigeria are lack of specialized know- style, cost of acquiring computer bias, high cost of Internet subscription and negative disposition arising from security related issues similar as cybercrimes when using the Internet. Income position as argued by West( 2015) are walls in the use of the Internet and except low position income earners have access to free products and cheap bias, they may not have the honor of penetrating the Internet. On the other hand, precious bias and high data cost can militate against Internet penetration among high income earners and where data subscription are available, it may not be used for TV streaming as a result of the high quantum of data demanded to watch live programmes on the Internet.

Statement of the Problem

With rising globalisation, stiff competition and technological development, the TV assiduity isn’t new to changes; it’s witnessing transition from analogue to digital and more lately it’s witnessing the metamorphosis from delivery of contents on- air to delivery via the Internet. The growth of the Internet over the times paved way for the invention of delivering TV content via the Internet. Statistics published by Nigerian Dispatches Commission( NCC),( 2016) showed that from time 2000 when Internet began to gain ground in Nigeria, Internet druggies have increased from 78,740 to in August 2016. This increase has also placed Nigeria as the largest Internet stoner in Africa,( Abikoye & Salihu, 2016). This is apparent as out 182, 202, 000 of Nigerian residers, about half(52.1) of the population have access to the Internet as at August 2016. With the expansion of Internet access still, there are shy Internet structure to sustain the continual growth of Internet access thereby leading to business traffic on being Internet structure; a negative recrimination for Internet broadband penetration. Internet broadband penetration as at October 2016 according to Administrative Vice Chairman of the Nigerian Dispatches Commission( NCC),Prof. Umar Danbatta, it’s projected that Internet broadband penetration would be at 30 percent by 2018. As a shot to further increase broadband access, Globacom( GLO) network in April 2016 and MTN Nigeria in October 2016 joined other Internet service providers similar as Smile Dispatches, Spectranet, IPNX and Swift networks that have rolled out the 4G LTE technology in Nigeria. Presently, Globacom covers only subscribers in Lagos State and MTN covers Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt. While this is a notable development in Internet access, the 4G wireless technology has little significance on Internet broadband penetration until 4G can spread across the country.

In addition, National Broadband Plan( 2013) conceded that the high cost of Internet access remains a abecedarian reason why Internet isn’t available in every home. One of the reasons given for the high cost of Internet data is a result of monopoly in the telecommunication assiduity and regulation of data prices by NCC. But deregulation of the data prices by the NCC in October 2015 and junking of data bottom price led telecommunication diligence to set their own data prices. This has redounded in the reduction of data subscription cost. Airtel Nigeria was the first to reduce its cost of data subscription in May 2016, latterly, other challengers followed suit. For case, in May 2016 a thousand naira could buy further data than it could in 2015. Though this is a corner achievement, large quantum of data which is proportionally precious is still demanded to watch TV programmes. likewise, the proposed communication duty in the heat of the present profitable recession in Nigeria has recrimination for broadband access, cost of data subscription and TV streaming.

While 4G wireless network is anticipated to give wireless download pets of about 1 Gbps in original area network( LAN) and 100 Mbps in wide area network( WAN) which is about 260 times lesser than 3G wireless networks( Akintoye, 2013) 4G network isn’t unevenly distributed. These being challenges of Internet penetration can alleviate the extent to which TV stations can laboriously get involved in live streaming of programmes because it’s consummate for TV drivers to have access to steady broadband installations. In addition, with low speed Internet connectivity, poor being Internet structure and digital peak in pastoral and civic centers( ITU, 2015; Mirza and Beltrán, 2014; Maciejewski, Fischerand Roginska, 2014), TV stations may find it grueling espousing TV streaming. As similar, how readily accessible are TV live and on- demand aqueducts to Internet druggies and to what extent do repliers have the necessary computer knowledge chops demanded to borrow TV streaming? With followership shift to new media technologies as a result of its interactivity and enhanced feedback, do they find TV streaming easy to borrow and useful especially with the size of data subscription which is proportionally expensive to watch TV programmes online? once studies on new technology frequently approach it from the profitable and technological side while consumers ’ needs which determine the success of TV streaming is frequently neglected( Yang & Kang, 2006). More so, studies have shown that demography of followership similar as income, age, gender and educational status go a long way in impacting Internet operation.

These questions demand answers because TV viewing is shifting from the confines of the sitting room to anywhere as long as the bystander is connected to the Internet( ITU, 2015). While developing countries are still seeking to borrow TV streaming which is Internet driven, non-ubiquitous broadband Internet connectivity will negatively impact smooth access to TV streaming of programmes which may further discourage Internet druggies from watching TV programmes on TV stations ’ websites. Grounded on the below, the experimenter studied the influence of Internet penetration on the relinquishment of Television Streaming among stakeholders in named countries in South- West Nigeria.

ideal of the Study

The general ideal of this study was to find out the influence of Internet penetration on the relinquishment of TV streaming among stakeholders in South- West Nigeria. The specific objects are to

1. determine the position of Internet penetration in South- West Nigeria;

2. determine the extent to which residers in South- West Nigeria watch TV programmes on TV stations ’ websites;

3. examine the extent to which computer knowledge chops promote residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria;

4. determine the extent to which perceived ease of use facilitates residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria;

5. examine the extent to which Ease of use promote residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria;

6. explore the challenges militating against residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria;

7. establish the extent to which named TV stations in South- West Nigeria have the applicable technology to develop live aqueducts;

8. ascertain the frequence of uploads of daily live or on- demand programmes on the Internet by named TV stations in South- West Nigeria;

9. find out challenges militating against TV stations ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria;

10. find out the significant difference in relinquishment of TV streaming by demographic characteristics across residers in South- West Nigeria

exploration Questions

1. What’s the position of Internet penetration in South- West Nigeria?

2. What’s the extent to which residers in South- West Nigeria watch TV programmes on TV stations ’ websites?

3. What’s the extent to which computer knowledge chops promote residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria?

4. To what extent does perceived ease of use facilitates residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria?

5. How does Ease of use promote residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria?

6. What are the challenges militating against residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria?

7. To what extent do named TV stations in South- West Nigeria have the applicable technology to develop live aqueducts?

8. How frequently do named TV stations in South- West Nigeria upload their diurnal programmes live on the Internet?

9. What are the challenges militating against TV stations ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria?

10. What’s the significant difference in relinquishment of TV streaming by demographic characteristics across residers in South- West Nigeria?

suppositions

H1 Vacuity of Internet structure significantly influences residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming

H2 Access to the Internet significantly influences the relinquishment of TV streaming by residers in South- West Nigeria

H3 Broadband Penetration significantly influences relinquishment of TV streaming among residers in South- West Nigeria

H4 The cost of data subscription significantly influences residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming

H5 Internet Penetration when moderated by station of residers in South- West Nigeria significantly influences their relinquishment of TV streaming

H6 Demographic characteristics significantly impact residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming

H7 Computer knowledge chops significantly influences residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria.

H8 Perceived utility significantly influences repliers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria.

H9 Ease of Use significantly influences residers ’ relinquishment of TV streaming in South- West Nigeria.

H10There’s a significant difference in relinquishment of TV streaming by demographic characteristics across residers in South- West Nigeria.

Significance of the Study

This study examined the extent to which Internet Penetration told the relinquishment of TV streaming among stakeholders in South- West Nigeria. TV in Nigeria is lately gaining ground and as similar, many studies have measured the extent to which Internet Penetration influences the relinquishment of TV streaming. As similar, the findings of this study would thus be of immense benefits to the experimenter as it would enable the experimenter to expand the frontier of exploration in the field of TV streaming. It would also give empirical data for other experimenters upon which farther studies on New Media and Information and Communication Technologies in Nigeria could be conducted. Data from this study would also enrich the data bank of International Telecommunications Union( ITU) regarding Internet penetration in South- West Nigeria. This would give ITU with statistical numbers that could be used in catching on Internet penetration in Nigeria.

This study would be salutary to Nigerian Dispatches Commission( NCC), National Broadcasting Commission and Internet Service Providers as it would show the extent to which Internet access have entered the studied areas. At the same time, the findings from the study would give data on the challenges stakeholders encounter in penetrating the Internet and reveal the extent to which the demographic characteristics of repliers influences the Internet penetration. This information would thus prop NCC and Internet Service Providers on the need to ameliorate on being communication programs that will ameliorate Internet structure in the country. This in turn would enhance Internet access, pave way for high speed Internet connectivity and reduce the cost of Internet access.

It would also help TV stations to know the access and relinquishment pattern of TV streaming among Internet druggies. It would also help TV stations to know how study actors view the conception of TV streaming. Findings would also help TV stations to discover the challenges that Internet druggies hassles while trying to view streamed contents on their websites and to ameliorate on those areas in order to pave way for a good streaming experience.

compass of the Study

This study on influence of Internet Penetration on the relinquishment of Television Streaming among stakeholders had South- West Nigeria as its focus. The stakeholders involved in this study were residers progressed 18 and over and TV stations in South- West. Ages 18 times and over were considered for this study because it’s the standard age for majority and independence to a large extent. In addition, in the artistic environment of Nigeria, children below the age of 18 times are largely dependent and under control mechanisms that are put in place by parents and guardians to regulate what they watch.

Out of the six countries in South- West Nigeria, two countries were named using the simple arbitrary slice fashion. On the other hand, three TV stations were named from three countries in South- West- one civil government possessed TV station, one state possessed and one intimately possessed TV station. This study was from January 2016 to January 2017. This is to insure that literature consulted is in tandem and within the period in which data was collected.

South- West Nigeria was chosen for this study because fibre optics lines that supply West Africa Aggregation of broadband structure is in the West Coast of Nigeria. This suggests that the West have access to structure than other geographical zones and therefore Internet access is anticipated to be more prominent in the West.

functional description of Terms

Internet Penetration Internet Penetration refers to the spread of Internet. It means the extent to which study actors in South- West Nigeria have access to the Internet. Internet Penetration still is a idle variable as it’s made up of several other variables and as similar can not be measured directly. As similar, Internet Penetration which is the independent variable was determined by

X = Independent variable

X1 = the number of study actors that pierce the Internet,

X2 = vacuity of Internet structure

X3 = Broadband Internet connection

X4 = Cost of Access

Relinquishment In this environment, relinquishment is the dependent variable and is classified into two. First is relinquishment on the part of TV stations which is the use of TV streaming as a means of distributing media content to observers via the Internet. This was measured by the frequence in which TV stations upload their TV programmes on the Internet. Secondly, for South- West residers who are Internet druggies, relinquishment refers to viewing TV programmes on named TV stations via the Internet. This was measured by the rate at which Internet druggies go to TV stations ’ websites to watch their favourite programmes.

Influence This refers to the extent to which Internet penetration determine stakeholders ’ relinquishment of TV streaming. This was measured using stakeholders ’ access to Internet structure, frequence of TV stations ’ streaming and frequence of cult ’ relinquishment of TV streaming.

residers These are people from 18 times and above living in the named thoroughfares across the named wards.

TV Streaming This involves the capability of named terrestrial TV stations to make their programmes available live or on demand online to their observers. This is a manifest variable and as similar was measured directly. TV streaming also refers to Internet TV and used interchangeably in the environment of this study.

Stakeholders Stakeholders for the purpose of this study are residers in South- West Nigeria, Chief masterminds in NTA Ibadan, Television Continental and Lagos State Television.

Internet structure This refers to the being Internet outfit that are in place to enhance Internet access, similar as fibre optics lines, Internet routers, wireless diapason, electricity and computer bias. This was also measured through the channels with which repliers gained access to the Internet, either through wireless telephone technology( 3G or 4G on GSM, Wi- Fi) and Wired Telephone technology similar as string Internet connection.

Broadband Penetration This refers to the vacuity of high speed Internet access that enables Internet druggies to view TV programmes on TV stations websites in real time at a minimal speed of1.5 Mbit/ s ”.

station This is the perception and disposition of repliers towards TV streaming. It’s a moderating variable in this environment and was measured by physical reasons similar as lack of interest about TV streaming, beliefs, likeness and readiness to borrow TV streaming.

Access to the Internet This means ways through which Internet is made available to the repliers. This was measured using individual or organisational subscription patterns-different types of bouquet data subscription available on named telecommunication Internet service providers and the frequence of subscription by repliers. This was measured daily, daily, yearly and by the size of data rush subscribed to.

Metropolitan These are Original Government areas that are civic in nature with characteristics and features of civic agreement similar as high attention of small and medium scale enterprises. They’re industrialised by nature. The residers of these original government areas have the liability to retain the technological know- style to operate computer bias and have essential social services.

Non Metropolitan These are Original Government areas that by nature have lower civic agreements and have two or further of the following characteristics core traditional areas, dilapidated structures, poor sanitation, shy health installations, slum agreements, high position of ignorance and low position of socio- profitable conditioning.